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ICM worked with the Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action (DEECA) to develop a high-priority hybrid salt marsh restoration design for the Corinella foreshore, addressing erosion risks and enhancing coastal resilience. This innovative nature-based solution (NBS) balances ecological restoration with shoreline protection in response to climate change and sea-level rise.  Project Details Client:  Department of Energy, Environment, and Climate Action (DEECA)  Date:  2024  Location:  Corinella Foreshore, Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia  About This Project The Challenge  The Corinella foreshore faced escalating erosion risks and habitat degradation due to rising sea levels and increased coastal pressures. A previous site evaluation ranked Corinella as a prime candidate for a nature-based restoration trial, but significant knowledge gaps remained regarding site suitability and specific design requirements.  The Solution  ICM conducted comprehensive site investigations to assess and validate the feasibility of a hybrid saltmarsh nature-based method. Key actions included:  Site Analysis:  Conducted foreshore and intertidal surveys, geotechnical sediment sampling, and flora/fauna studies.  Hydrological and Stormwater Assessments:  Analysed stormwater catchment, outfall quality, and tidal conditions to determine restoration viability.  Design Recommendations:  Proposed a hybrid supported saltmarsh restoration design, including fill material placement to adjust bed levels, rock sills to stabilise the shoreline, and saltmarsh planting with native species.  Priority Zones:  Identified high-priority restoration areas with the greatest ecological and coastal protection potential.  The final design integrates stormwater systems and supports biodiversity while enhancing the site’s resilience to erosion and climate impacts.  “The Corinella saltmarsh project demonstrates how nature-based solutions can address coastal challenges while fostering ecological renewal and community benefits.” – Sam King, Project Lead, International Coastal Management  Services Provided Site Investigation and Suitability Analysis  Geotechnical and Ecological Surveys  Concept and Detailed Design of Hybrid Saltmarsh Restoration  High-Level Hydrological and Coastal Processes Assessment  Recommendations for Nature-Based Interventions  Get in Touch ICM is at the forefront of designing and implementing nature-based solutions that balance ecological restoration with resilient coastal protection. Contact us to learn how we can help transform your coastline sustainably.

To protect beach amenity value, the prevention of coastal erosion is critical. With factors like climate change and sea level rise there's never been more need for well designed measures against coastal erosion. Seawalls are a great example of one solution. But is a seawall suitable for your site/project? This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of seawalls and how to determine suitability for you site. What is a seawall? A seawall is a manmade barrier constructed where the land meets the sea. Their main purposes are: To prevent land loss through the coastal erosion process To hold the land in position, creating a permanent/fixed border in the case of marine infrastructure, like marinas or harbours. There are many different types of seawall (both in design and material makeup), that perform differently under various exposed conditions. And there is not necessarily one ‘best’ kind of seawall, as each site has its own unique requirements and interacts with the dynamic coastal environment in their own way. In most cases, seawalls are exposed to the natural conditions and can therefore be seen. This can disrupt the aesthetic of a location. However, without the seawall, the natural conditions may be subject to serious erosional damage and land loss. This may be due to natural causes, such as high wave conditions, or man-made changes, such as disruption to the coastline/the natural sand and water flow which can create erosion ‘hotspots’ that need coastal erosion solutions . Types of Seawalls While the advantages and disadvantages of seawalls can vary depending on the design, several factors influence which type is best suited for your site. These factors include: Cost Visual aesthetic Sit location in the coastal zone Functionality and usability Impact on the site/environment These factors should be taken into consideration when choosing the right type of seawall for the site to deter from unwanted disadvantages of seawalls. The most common types of seawall include: Sloped Sewall Stepped Seawall Vertical Sewall Curved Sewall Stacked or Module Seawall There are also combinations of the above mentioned. And, each of these different types of seawalls can be made of different types of material (discussed in the following sections). Emergency or Temporary Seawalls In many coastal locations around the globe the beaches are considered government or state land. Typically, in these instances, government approvals are required before there can be any construction of seawall structures (especially if they are going to directly touch/impact the beach). In some cases, where there is a direct threat to property or infrastructure, an emergency or temporary seawall may be installed/constructed without going through the typical approval process. Note that regulations can very significantly between states and local governments, so it is always best to check on which approvals are required (as some locations implement what is called 'managed retreat' whereby you may not be able to build any kind of seawall, temporary or not). Emergency or temporary seawalls can be built quickly and are often made using material that is easy to remove if/when it is necessary. These include materials like geotextile sand containers and other emergency flood protection filling modules. Advantages and Disadvantages of Seawalls for Emergency Works Like all coastal erosion protection structures there are advantages and disadvantages, with the emergency or temporary works there are a few things to consider. Advantages: Typically, works can be performed quickly bypassing the lengthy approval process required for some other types of seawalls Generally, as the emergency or temporary works are not designed for longevity, they can be built cheaper (depending on the materials used/site conditions) that traditionally, long-term, exposed seawalls In many cases, the emergency works could be removed if necessary. Disadvantages: Quick installation of emergency works may not be the best long-term solution and therefore, the temp works may need to be removed at some point for better long term solutions Quick, cheap solutions may not have the best aesthetic to match the site Exposed Seawalls This is the most common type of seawall. These seawalls are designed to be permanently exposed to the ocean and wave environment. Seawalls interact with the coastal processes of a sandy beach in terms of onshore/offshore sand transport and local longshore sand transport when present in the active zone. Numerous papers evaluate the influence of seawalls based on their location in the active prism and the long-term beach stability – accreting, stable, nourished, or eroding [2]. Nevertheless, a popular and too simplistic idea prevails that seawalls cause coastal erosion and destroy beaches. Consequently, seawalls are often disregarded during option evaluations. An exposed seawall in the surf zone under wave attack would result in reflection and scour in front of the wall and/or accelerated erosion along the seawall, despite eroded volumes being 60 percent of what they would be without the seawall [1]. Refer to ICM’s Coastal Conference Paper on Terminal Seawalls for more info. Advantages and Disadvantages of Seawalls that are Exposed Advantages The biggest and most obvious advantage of exposed seawalls is that they mitigate wave energy from hitting the landmass Exposed seawalls can be used to reshape natural or man-made coastal areas by creating a solid edge/definitive line In most cases, seawalls are used to prevent land loss behind the wall, thereby preserving property or infrastructure Disadvantages Seawalls by design stop/reduce wave energy from passing through or over the wall. This wave energy therefore is either reflected or redistributed somewhere else. Often, part of the wave energy is reflected back to the sea which can create an erosion hotspot at the base of the seawall itself (referred to as scour). Through proper coastal engineering design, scour can be accounted for and therefore built into the seawall design to reduce the scour effect If seawalls are built out of the natural beach alignment the can act as a kind of groyne and disrupt the longshore sand transport to beaches/properties on the leeward side of the wall Exposed seawalls look man-made (as they are) and can therefore take away from the natural beauty of a site (atheistic interruption) It should be noted that proper designed seawalls by experienced coastal engineers can improve site protection and mitigate negative impacts. Get in touch today to speak with real coastal engineering experts in the field of rock wall design . Terminal Seawalls Seawalls that are situated as far inland as possible from "normal" beach changes are termed terminal seawalls. These structures are only active during severe erosion events and remain buried under normal circumstances. A terminal wall, which is often buried within the dune buffer zone, limits erosion during severe events and serves as a clear planning boundary between the active beach and permitted development. Due to the fact that these occurrences may only occur for brief periods a few times per hundred years, the potential for negative impacts on the beach is equally brief. Advantages and Disadvantages of Terminal Seawalls Advantages One of the greatest advantages of terminal seawalls over exposed seawalls is there low visual impact As the seawall only becomes exposed during an extreme event, the storm demand is sourced from almost the entire upper beach profile and not just scour at the base of the seawall. The waves are generally depth limited and of smaller magnitude, resulting in a smaller structure with lower design requirements, less toe scour, and less overtopping Disadvantages Terminal seawalls only come into effect during extreme events when the rest of the beach profile has become eroded and are therefore a ‘last line of defences’ approach Think a terminal seawall may be suitable for your site? Revetment walls Revetment walls are essentially 'small' seawalls that are designed to absorb wave energy and reduce erosion. They can be sloped, stepped, or vertical walls made from durable materials such as rock, concrete, or geotextile containers (for emergency works). By dispersing the force of water, revetments protect canals, riverbanks, and infrastructure from damage during high tides, storms and floods. ​​ ​ How they work: Retain and protect land from erosion Absorb wave energy to prevent structural damage Serve as critical infrastructure for coastal and water-front properties Materials used for seawalls As mentioned previously, there are a wide range of materials used for seawalls. Each will have their own advantages and disadvantages depending on the site. Hard engineering design often refers to materials in seawalls such as: Rock Concrete Steel Gabions (rock baskets) Wood Composite Materials There are also ‘softer’ approaches using technologies such as: Sand filled geotextile containers Self-standing sand filled modules Green solutions are considered dune vegetation or landscaping. While this would not be considered a stand-alone seawall solution, it is often incorporated into the design process to reduce the visual impact and add a more ‘natural’ look to the site on completion. How Effective are Seawalls? Seawall effectiveness comes down to design and installation execution and can vary significantly (depending on how well the design is done). Seawalls can be very effective at protecting landmass from wave impact/erosion. In most cases it is not a question of the seawalls effectiveness of protecting the immediate site, however, how the seawall interacts with the surrounding coastal environment and adjacent sites is often the area of concern. When designing and installing seawalls, careful consideration should be taken into the long-term effects of the wall on the surrounding area. In conjunction with other coastal protection measures like beach nourishment, seawalls can be very effective in maintain both stable beaches and secure property lines. Do Seawalls Stop Tsunamis? Seawalls can be designed for a wide range of impact possibilities and wave conditions. From small waves (boat wake and wash), to large wave events such as Tsunamis and significant storm surge events. Experienced coastal engineers can determine which wave conditions need to be considered when designing seawalls at a site and can accommodate this into the design process. Designing and building seawalls to stop Tsunamis would require for instance, larger/heavier rock or modules with thicker overall width and higher design crests. Do Seawalls Erode Beaches? As discussed, there is a misconception that seawalls only erode beaches. One of the disadvantages of seawalls (if not designed properly) is that they can have negative effect on the immediate beach, through wave reflection and scour. They can also have negative effects on the surrounding beaches and adjacent properties. If designed properly inconjunction with a hollistic approach to coastal protection, they can be very effective. Therefore, it is critical to engage with experienced coastal engineers when considering seawalls as a solution for your site. Are Seawalls Sustainable? Sustainability in design can consider a few different elements: The materials used The impact on the site (and surrounding sites) Sustainability relative to the materials themselves will vary greatly depending on the material source relative the proposed site. For example, quarried rock is often used is seawall design and construction. In areas with accessibility to quarried rock (assuming the quarries themselves are operated in a sustainable way, which may relate to things like volume of rock available vs. time impact on the environment, etc.) the rock may be a viable choice with relatively low transport costs associated. In areas where no quarried rock is available, there may be options to ship in rock or use locally available material such as coral rock, or sand (into containers). In summary, there is no clear-cut answer to sustainability in seawalls as each site and design will vary significantly. It should be noted that sustainability in design is something that needs to be considered for a holistic approach. Are seawalls expensive? The cost of a seawall at different sites can vary significantly. Factor effecting cost include: The design itself Some sites will require larger seawalls to protect against high power wave/storm conditions Some sites will require smaller walls The material Depending on which material type is used it will determine the constructability and associated costs, transport to site costs, etc. In all coastal erosion protection design there are few different costs to consider: Capital cost The upfront cost to design and build the structure The maintenance cost Any ongoing maintenance that may be required In general, higher capital cost require lower ongoing maintenance. Whereas lower capital cost may require more ongoing/higher maintenance costs. Are seawalls affordable to maintain? As mentioned above, the maintenance cost of seawalls will depend heavily on the type of design and material used. For example, at a remote site where no quarried rock is available, coral rock may be used which would be a lower capital cost than importing quarried rock. However, over time, the coral rock will not likely hold up in storm conditions as long as quarry rock. Therefore, the coral rock seawall may need to be maintained with additional coral rock or completely replaced. These kinds of capital vs. long term costs will need to be considered when deciding on seawall material and design. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Seawalls? In summary, there are plenty of advantages and disadvantaged of seawalls. For the most part, seawalls are a very effective way of maintaining a structural line for land and property protection. The main disadvantages of seawalls are that they can create localised erosion. This can be at the base of the seawall itself or at adjacent properties. If designed properly in conjunction with a hollisitc approrach to site resilience building, seawalls can be very effective. Looking at implementing a seawall to your property? Be sure to consult with an industry professional (experienced coastal engineer). Or if you're looking for seawall alternatives, consider a variety of coastal resilient measures like Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs in conjunction with nearshore nourishment . Contact us today for consultation to determine which seawall is right for you. Read more about artificial reefs or sand bypassing systems as a coastal erosion solution. References: [1] Barnett, M.R., "Laboratory Study of the Effects of a Vertical Seawall on Beach Profile Response," UFL/COEL-87/005, University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department, Gainesville, FL, May, 1987. [2] Dean, R. G. and Dalrymple, R. A. (2004). Coastal Processes and Engineering Applications. Cambridge University Press. pp. 404-406

Artificial reefs are an innovative solution to the growing global challenge of coastal erosion, which threatens beaches, infrastructure, and ecosystems. While traditional approaches like seawalls and groynes provide some relief, they often disrupt natural processes. Artificial reefs are man-made structures designed to work with nature to protect coastlines, support marine life, and enhance recreational opportunities. Learn how artificial reefs can prevent erosion, their design process, and the transformative benefits they bring to our coastlines. What Are Artificial Reefs & How Do They Work? Artificial reefs are engineered structures placed on the seabed to replicate the functions of natural coral reefs. Unlike traditional "hard" engineering solutions, they work with natural processes to create sustainable outcomes. The benefits of artificial reefs include: Reduce Coastal Erosion : Acting as wave breakers, artificial reefs can dissipate wave energy before it reaches the shore, minimising the risk of erosion. Create Marine Habitats : These structures provide surfaces for marine organisms to attach and grow, create a fish habitat, and build biodiversity. Support Recreation : Artificial reefs can enhance surfing, snorkelling, and diving opportunities, making them valuable for tourism and local economies. The Evolution of Multipurpose Artificial Reefs The development of Multipurpose Artificial Reefs (MPARs) was inspired by the growing need to address two critical challenges: beach erosion and the degradation of marine ecosystems. Historically, coastal protection relied heavily on hard engineering solutions such as seawalls , breakwaters, and groynes. While these structures proved effective, they often detracted from the natural beauty of the coastline and offered limited ecological benefits. Multipurpose artificial reefs emerged as a response to these shortcomings, representing a paradigm shift in coastal management. Unlike traditional approaches, these reefs were designed to work with nature , rather than against it. They served as a dual-purpose solution, offering a coastal defence system while simultaneously encouraging marine ecosystems and recreational opportunities. A Case Study: The Gold Coast Multipurpose Artificial Reef The Gold Coast, with its iconic beaches and thriving tourism sector, has long been at the forefront of Australia’s coastal management efforts. However, this region has faced significant challenges due to coastal erosion , which threatened infrastructure, recreational spaces, and natural habitats. Traditional solutions like seawalls and groynes provided temporary relief, but sometimes at the expense of the natural dynamics of the coastline and visual amenity. As the understanding of coastal processes evolved, so did the realisation that a more integrated and sustainable approach was necessary to address the multifaceted challenges of coastal erosion and community needs. The Gold Coast Northern Beaches Protection Strategy To address these challenges, the Gold Coast launched the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy in the late 1990s. This comprehensive plan aimed to address erosion while preserving the natural beauty and functionality of the coastline. A key component of the strategy was the recognition that the protection of the coastline could not rely solely on traditional methods. Instead, it required a holistic approach that included nearshore nourishment , dune vegetation enhancement, and innovative solutions like the construction of multipurpose artificial reefs. The Role of Narrowneck Artificial Reef One of the flagship projects of the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy was the Narrowneck Artificial Reef , a pioneering example of how multipurpose artificial reefs can address erosion and enhance coastal environments. The reef was designed not only to stabilise the shoreline by reducing wave energy and encouraging sediment accumulation but also to enhance marine biodiversity and provide recreational opportunities, particularly for surfing. The artificial reef construction was based on a detailed understanding of coastal processes and the need for structures that could work in harmony with the natural dynamics of the coastline. This approach recognised that effective coastal protection requires flexibility and adaptability to changing conditions and that enhancing the ecological and recreational value of the coastline can be complementary goals. Comprehensive Coastal Management The implementation of the Narrowneck Artificial Reef was part of a broader set of interventions under the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy, which also included beach nourishment and coastal dunes vegetation enhancement. These measures worked in tandem to create a "healthy beach profile" and a "living shoreline", addressing both the immediate concerns of erosion and the long-term sustainability of the coastal environment. Sand nourishment replenished the beaches, providing immediate relief from erosion, while dune vegetation played a crucial role in stabilising the newly placed sand and enhancing the ecological value of the dunes. Together with the artificial reef, these measures exemplified a new paradigm in coastal management, where the protection of the coastline is achieved through the enhancement of its natural and recreational assets. How Multipurpose Artificial Reefs Balance Coastal Protection, the Environment & Recreation Designing Multipurpose Artificial Reefs is a careful balancing act, requiring equal attention to coastal defence, marine ecosystem support, and recreational opportunities. One of the key challenges is engineering a structure that can simultaneously dissipate wave energy to protect shorelines while also creating surfable waves and supporting marine biodiversity. The Narrowneck Artificial Reef project, led by ICM, is a prime example of this. A Multifunctional Attraction To create the artificial reef itself, mega geotextile sand containers were used, which became an attraction in itself, drawing surfers to its engineered breaks (under the right conditions). Below the waves, the reef reshapes the seabed morphology, trapping sand on its downdrift side and creating a varied underwater landscape. This creates a dynamic surf condition that extends well beyond the reef itself. Enhancing Marine Biodiversity Beyond protection and recreation, multipurpose artificial reefs play a crucial role in enhancing marine biodiversity. By mimicking natural reef structures, these provide new habitats for a variety of marine species. The design process involves selecting materials and shapes that encourage the colonisation of marine flora and fauna, turning these structures into thriving underwater ecosystems. The Narrowneck Reef, for instance, has seen a rapid development of a diverse marine ecosystem, demonstrating the ecological success of this artificial reef. Environmental assessments use quantitative methods to evaluate changes in habitat area, species diversity indices, and potential for biomass accumulation on the reef structure. Observations by the National Marine Science Centre indicate that “the biological communities associated with Narrowneck Artificial Reef appear to enhance biodiversity and productivity at a local scale and may also contribute to overall regional productivity.”  Artificial Reef Design Designing artificial reefs, especially Multipurpose Artificial Reefs, is a highly specialised process that involves navigating complex hydrodynamic, geological, and environmental variables. A successful design balances coastal protection, ecological enhancement, and recreational benefits while ensuring safety for all users. Here’s a guide to the key considerations and methodologies involved in creating these innovative structures. Understanding Site-Specific Variables The foundation of artificial reef design lies in a comprehensive understanding of the site’s unique characteristics. These include: Wave Climate : Analysing wave height, period, direction, and energy flux to predict how waves will interact with the reef. Sediment Dynamics: Assessing how sand moves alongshore and cross-shore to ensure the reef enhances sediment deposition without unintended consequences. Ecological Considerations : Evaluating the existing marine habitat to ensure the reef complements local biodiversity and supports new ecosystems. Utilising advanced numerical modelling and physical models, coastal engineers can predict how the reef will interact with natural processes. These tools help refine parameters to ensure the structure’s stability, effectiveness, and safety. Defining Purpose and Functionality The primary purpose of the artificial reef dictates its design. Whether the goal is coastal protection, surf enhancement, or a combination of both, specific design parameters such as location, orientation, and dimensions must align with the desired functionality. For surf enhancement: Wave transformation models can be used to calculate the refractive effects of the reef on incoming waves, using parameters such as wave height, period, and direction. For coastal protection: Designs utilise sediment transport models to estimate the reef's impact on longshore and cross-shore sediment movement, requiring inputs like current velocities, wave energy flux, and grain size distribution of the seabed material. Selecting the Right Artificial Reef Materials Considering what are artificial reefs made of i s a critical component of the design process, influencing both the reef’s durability and its ecological impact. The materials must be able to withstand marine conditions while encouraging marine life colonisation. Thoughtful material selection ensures that the reef is both functional and environmentally responsible, promoting its long-term success as a coastal and ecological asset. Considering User Safety User safety is a critical component of artificial reef design. Detailed safety assessments are conducted to minimise risks to swimmers, surfers, and divers. Safety Factors: Safety assessments involve the calculation of wave breaking intensity, water depth above the reef, and velocity fields around the structure. Safety Design Criteria: This might include setting maximum velocities (e.g., < 0.5 m/s for swimmer safety) and minimum water depths over the reef crest during low tide to prevent injuries. Conducting Risk Assessments Risk assessments play a vital role in identifying potential hazards and planning mitigation strategies. This process involves statistical analysis of wave climate data to identify extreme conditions and simulations for estimating injury risks based on user density, activity types, and environmental conditions. Optimising Design Parameters The specific design elements of the reef, including its crest width, slope, and roughness , directly affect wave-breaking characteristics, sediment deposition, and ecological performance. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models can simulate flow over the reef, providing detailed information on turbulence intensity and shear forces. Evaluating Construction Tolerances and Physical Modelling Construction tolerances are evaluated through sensitivity analysis in physical and numerical models to understand the impact of deviations from the design profile on hydrodynamic and morphological responses. This could involve adjusting the reef height or crest level within a range (e.g., ±0.1 m) in model simulations to assess changes in wave transmission and sediment deposition patterns around the reef. Implementing Risk Management Strategies Management strategies are informed by quantitative risk assessments, including the calculation of incident rates (incidents per user-hour) and the effectiveness of mitigation measures (e.g., reduction in rip current velocity by 50% with the installation of signage or barriers). Hydraulic models predict areas of high energy or currents that could pose risks to users, guiding the placement of warning signs or designated safe zones. The role of Artificial Reefs in Coastal Resilience As we face the escalating challenges of climate change and coastal erosion, the role of multipurpose artificial reefs in coastal management strategies becomes increasingly vital. These structures offer a promising pathway towards sustainable coastal protection, providing a blueprint for future projects around the world. The continued success of them relies on innovative design, rigorous scientific research, and a commitment to preserving our planet's coastal and marine environments. FAQ Do Artificial Reefs Actually Work? Artificial reefs can be effective when designed and implemented properly. These structures are engineered to work with natural processes, providing several benefits: Coastal Protection Marine Biodiversity Recreational Opportunities Projects like the Narrowneck Reef on Australia’s Gold Coast have demonstrated over a twenty year time period that improving shoreline stabilisation while supporting marine biodiversity, and improving recreational use is possible. What Are the Problems With Artificial Reefs? While artificial reefs have significant benefits, they can present challenges if not carefully designed and managed: Poor Placement : If placed incorrectly, artificial reefs can disrupt sediment transport and coastal dynamics, potentially exacerbating erosion in nearby areas. Material Issues : Using inappropriate materials can harm marine ecosystems. For example, non-durable or non-eco-friendly materials can degrade or leach harmful substances. Safety Concerns : Strong currents, shallow areas, or improperly designed reefs can pose risks to swimmers and surfers. Long-Term Monitoring : Artificial reefs require ongoing evaluation and maintenance to ensure they continue to function as intended. To mitigate these issues, proper site analysis, material selection, and risk assessments are critical during the design and implementation phases. Are Artificial Reefs 'The' Solution? The Narrowneck Reef on the Gold Coast in Australia is an example of a successful artificial reef as part of a wider coastal management strategy. Constructed as part of the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy, this multipurpose artificial reef has enhanced biodiversity and improved sand retention at a once venerable location. In general, artificial reefs should be considered as part of a holistic, coastal strategy as not as a stand-alone solution. International Coastal Management The journey of designing multiprupose artificial reefs is a testament to human ingenuity and our ability to work in harmony with nature. At ICM we've been pioneering examples of how artificial reefs can protect our coastlines while enriching the marine ecosystem and enhancing recreational opportunities for decades. As we continue to progress in the field of coastal resilience, these artificial reefs represent not just a piece of the solution but a vision for a sustainable and harmonious future between humanity and the ocean.

To support the restocking of the endangered Safi fish, ICM partnered with EcoCoast to design and install eco-engineered artificial reef modules in the Al Yasat Ali Island harbour. These innovative structures provide a safe habitat and promote algae growth, creating optimal conditions for juvenile Safi survival.  Project Details  Date:  2012  Location:  Al Yasat Ali Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates  Project Partners:  EcoCoast    About This Project  The Challenge  The endangered Safi fish faced low survival rates during a restocking program due to limited natural habitat and insufficient food sources in the harbour. The project required a habitat enhancement solution that could support algae growth and protect juvenile Safi fish while maintaining harbour usability for vessels and recreational activities.  The Solution  ICM , in partnership with EcoCoast , implemented a comprehensive strategy to address these challenges:  Site Investigation: Comprehensive assessments of site characteristics, including currents, wave action, water depth, salinity, and temperature, to ensure the design met environmental and operational requirements.  Detailed Design: Creation of custom Eco-Mat modules featuring a geotextile base to promote algae growth and vertical elements to provide shelter and enhance the growth of filamentous algae as a food source. A strategic placement plan for the modules was developed to maximise effectiveness while accommodating harbour constraints.  Installation: Partnered with EcoCoast for the fabrication and supervised the installation of 52 modules, completing the deployment in just one day with the help of a skilled diving team.  Ongoing monitoring post-installation demonstrated the modules’ success in fostering algae growth and providing safe habitats for juvenile Safi fish, contributing to the species' survival and population growth.  “Our innovative reef modules have transformed the harbour into a thriving habitat, offering hope for the endangered Safi fish population.” - Aaron Salyer, International Coastal Management    Services Provided  Site Investigation  Detailed Design  Installation  Research & Development  Project Management    Get in Touch  ICM brings expertise in eco-engineering solutions for habitat restoration and marine biodiversity enhancement. Contact us to discuss how we can support your environmental and conservation goals.

Oceanside, California has faced decades of severe beach erosion, threatening its coastline and recreational areas. Responding to community advocacy, the city launched the Re:Beach Design Competition to source innovative solutions from international firms, where ICM’s Living Speed Bumps concept was selected as the winning design.  Project Details  Client:  City of Oceanside  Date:  2023-2027  Location:  Oceanside, California    About this Project:  The Challenge  Oceanside has struggled with coastal erosion for over 80 years, losing significant amounts of sand despite repeated replenishment efforts. The community, recognising the critical need for long-term solutions, advocated for the city to launch the Re:Beach Design Competition . This initiative invited international firms to propose innovative approaches that balanced sand retention with community and environmental priorities, such as preserving surf conditions, recreational spaces, and ecological health.  The Solution  ICM’s winning proposal introduced the Living Speed Bumps concept, a sustainable, nature-based approach to sand retention. This design slows natural sand movement without disrupting coastal dynamics, ensuring long-term stability and adaptability.  Key features of the project include:  Onshore Artificial Headlands: Situated at Tyson Street Park and Wisconsin Avenue, these headlands slow sand movement along the back beach, stabilising sand, encouraging dune growth, and creating accessible green spaces for community use.  Offshore Artificial Reef: Positioned between the headlands, the reef reduces wave energy, encourages nearshore sand retention, and enhances surf conditions by creating more consistent breaks.  Building on proven methodologies like the Narrowneck Reef in Australia , ICM tailored the design to meet Oceanside’s specific challenges. Community input was integral throughout the process, ensuring the project addressed local concerns, including the preservation of surfing conditions, accessible beach areas, and ecological sustainability.  “Our Living Speed Bumps design showcases how nature-based engineering can transform coastal resilience while respecting community and environmental needs. Oceanside’s initiative sets a global example for innovation in coastal resilience.” - Aaron Salyer, Director, ICM    Services Provided:  Coastal erosion analysis  Community and stakeholder engagement  Preliminary Design  Upcoming detailed design phase (2024–2026)  Future construction phase (2026–2027, TBD)    Get in Touch:  With decades of expertise in innovative coastal management solutions, ICM is a global leader in building resilient coastlines through nature-based approaches like the Living Speed Bumps. Whether addressing erosion challenges or enhancing recreational spaces, our tailored designs work with natural processes and deliver long-term results. Contact us today to discuss how we can support your coastal resilience goals.

ICM conducted a feasibility study to assess the practicality of constructing an artificial surfing reef at Middleton Beach, Albany, to enhance surf quality and frequency. The study concluded that an artificial reef is feasible and would offer significant social, environmental, and economic benefits to the local community.  Project Details  Client:  Southern Ocean Surfers (SOS) with support from Great Southern Development Commission and the City of Albany  Date:  2003-2004  Location:  Middleton Beach, Albany, Western Australia  About this Project  The Challenge:  Middleton Beach, located near Albany, lacked consistent and quality surf due to its dependence on favorable wave conditions and sandbar formations. While high-quality surf spots existed nearby, they were at least a 40-minute drive away and suited mainly to experienced surfers due to heavy ocean swells. This limited opportunities for local surfers, especially youth and beginners, and reduced the area's potential to attract surf tourism and related economic benefits.  The Solution:  ICM was commissioned to evaluate the feasibility of constructing an artificial surfing reef at Middleton Beach. Key aspects included:  Feasibility Study:  Investigating site conditions and various design options, including V-shaped artificial banks, surf banks integrated with erosion protection works, and standalone structures. Considering various construction materials such as sand-filled geotextile containers, rock, and innovative reef systems.  Cost-benefit Analysis: Considering social, environmental and economic aspects.   The study concluded that a surf reef at Middleton Beach would provide the best outcomes, balancing economic, social, and environmental benefits. In the long term, a number of reefs could be implemented progressively, and Middleton Beach promoted as a surfing precinct with a range of surf reefs exhibiting different characteristics.    “This project demonstrates how thoughtful coastal engineering can enhance recreational opportunities while addressing environmental and economic goals” - Angus Jackson, Director at International Coastal Management Services Provided:  Feasibility Study  Preliminary Design & Modelling  Economic & Environmental Assessments  Stakeholder Consultation    Get in Touch:  With over 40 years of coastal engineering expertise, ICM specialises in designing innovative solutions like surf enhancement reefs. Contact us to learn how we can help bring your coastal vision to life.

The Fairmont Ajman, a luxury 5-star resort in the UAE, faced severe coastal erosion caused by storm conditions. ICM delivered a robust, long-term coastal management solution to stabilise the beach while preserving its natural beauty and guest amenity.  Project Details  Client:  Fairmont Ajman  Date:  2015  Location:  Ajman, UAE    About This Project  The Challenge  Situated on an exposed Arabian Gulf coastline, the Fairmont Ajman faced persistent beach erosion driven by shamal storm conditions. Previous coastal protection attempts, including a low-crested rubble breakwater and beach nourishment, failed to provide adequate protection or maintain the site’s aesthetic appeal. With only 14 weeks before the resort’s grand opening, a comprehensive and resilient solution was required to create a stable beach and a safe swimming area for guests.  The client requested a guaranteed stable beach guarantee for 8 years while maintaining clear, uninterrupted views out oi the Arabian Gulf. This was achieved successfully.   The Solution  ICM developed and implemented an innovative coastal management plan designed to protect the beach from erosion while preserving uninterrupted ocean views. Key elements included:  Submerged Breakwater Reef:  A wide-crested submerged reef was designed to reduce erosion during typical storm events, maintaining the natural beach profile.  Terminal Seawall:  Constructed using sand-filled geotextile containers , this soft protection measure limited landward erosion during severe weather while minimising user impacts. Trapbags were incorporated to enable rapid deployment.  Nourished Profile:  The beach was replenished and reshaped to enhance guest amenity and provide a resilient coastal ecosystem.  With detailed and rapid planning and execution, ICM transformed the eroding shoreline into a stable and picturesque beach capable of withstanding harsh environmental conditions. The project was completed on schedule, ensuring the resort’s readiness for its grand opening and guaranteeing an eight-year stabilised beach performance. “This project highlights how innovative coastal engineering can achieve both functional resilience and aesthetic harmony. At Fairmont Ajman, we delivered a solution that not only protects the coastline but enhances its value for guests and the environment.” - Aaron Salyer, Project Lead, International Coastal Management  Services Provided  Concept Design  Numerical Modelling  Detailed Design  Construction Supervision  Monitoring  Get in Touch  ICM’s expertise in delivering innovative coastal management solutions ensures optimal outcomes for luxury waterfront developments. Contact us to learn how we can stabilise your coastline while enhancing its natural appeal.

The canal revetment at Anchorage Isle required upgrades to safeguard residential properties from erosion and structural instability. ICM designed and supervised the transformation of the revetment into a durable geotextile and rip-rap structure.  Project Details  Client:  The Isle Neighbourhood Association  Date:  2002  Location:  Anchorage Isle, Mariner’s Drive East, Tweed Heads, Australia    About This Project  The Challenge  Anchorage Isle's existing basalt boulder revetment was showing signs of wear and erosion, threatening the stability of nearby residential properties and infrastructure. Without prompt action, the degradation posed risks of further erosion, property damage, and significant repair costs.  The Solution  ICM conducted a comprehensive site inspection and condition assessment to identify the extent of the issues. A detailed rectification plan was developed, incorporating:  Geotextile & Rip-Rap Design: Replacing the existing basalt boulder structure with a modern geotextile and rip-rap system to enhance stability and longevity.  Approvals & Technical Specifications: Securing all necessary approvals and preparing technical specifications for precise construction implementation.  Construction Supervision: Overseeing the construction process to ensure quality and compliance, providing certification upon completion.  The rectified revetment now offers robust protection against erosion, safeguarding the residential estate and enhancing the canal-front aesthetic.  “Our work at Anchorage Isle demonstrates ICM’s commitment to delivering practical, long-lasting coastal protection solutions that align with community needs.” - Angus Jackson, Founder, International Coastal Management Services Provided  Site Inspection  Condition Assessment  Rectification Recommendations  Rectification Design  Approvals  Technical Specification  Contract Management  Construction Supervision and Certification    Get in Touch  ICM specialises in designing and delivering durable coastal protection solutions for residential and community waterfronts. Contact us to ensure your shoreline remains resilient and secure.

The Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy (NGCBPS) was designed to provide sustainable, long-term coastal management for the northern Gold Coast. The project successfully widened and protected beaches from erosion while enhancing surfing conditions through innovative engineering solutions. Project Details: Client: Gold Coast City Council Date: 1997-2001 Location: Northern Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia About This Project The Challenge The northern Gold Coast beaches faced significant erosion during storm conditions, threatening coastal resilience and recreational beach use. As a popular surfing destination, the area also required enhancements to improve surfing conditions without compromising environmental sustainability. The Solution The Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy (NGCBPS) was initiated by  Gold Coast City Council  to provide a sustainable long-term coastal management solution for the Northern Gold Coast.  The primary purpose of the project was to widen and protect the northern Gold Coast beaches from erosion in storm conditions. As this is a popular surfing area, the secondary objective was to improve the surfing amenity. International Coastal Management (ICM) developed and implemented an integrated and sustainable strategy to address these challenges. Key components included: Beach Nourishment : An initial placement of 1.2 million cubic meters of sand to widen the beaches. Nearshore Artificial Reef : Designed as a coastal control point, improving wave quality for surfers while stabilising sand movement. Boulder Wall Completion : Strengthening shoreline defenses against severe weather impacts. Ongoing Maintenance Nourishment : Regular sand replenishment to maintain beach width and storm protection. ICM managed all aspects of the project, including design studies, impact assessment studies, final engineering design, and implementation. Advanced construction techniques using mega sand-filled geotextile containers were used for the reef, ensuring cost-effectiveness, safety, and ecological benefits. The reef provided a substratum for diverse marine life, creating a vibrant ecosystem that exceeded expectations. Monitoring & Results The impact studies included a  cost-benefit study  undertaken by  Griffith Centre for Coastal Management (GCCM) and a comprehensive Environmental Management Plan that was developed with GCCM.  As part of the design studies, physical and numerical modeling was undertaken by Water Research Laboratory (University of NSW), Griffith Centre for Coastal Management and the University of Waikato.  Extensive monitoring has demonstrated the strategy’s success in maintaining an increased storm buffer during significant wave events (up to Hmax >13m) and enhancing surfing conditions. The reef has also become a valued recreational diving and fishing destination, adding ecological and community benefits. The mega sand filled geotextile containers used for construction of the reef have proved to be a safe and economical construction material. The monitoring has provided data to facilitate improvements to the geotextile materials and container design. The non-woven Terrafix geotextile has also provided an excellent substratum for a diverse range of marine vegetation and the extent and diversity of the marine habitat formed has greatly exceeded expectations. The development of this diverse marine ecosystem contributes to the environmental value of the reef structure as well as providing a new recreational dive and fishing location. “The North Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy demonstrates how innovative engineering and environmental integration can deliver long-term resilience and recreational value to our coastlines.” - Angus Jackson, International Coastal Management Services Provided: Coastal Management Strategy Development Beach Nourishment Design & Implementation Artificial Reef Design & Construction Impact Assessment Studies (IAS) Environmental Management Plans (EMP) Monitoring & Maintenance -> Learn more about the Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy . Get in Touch At ICM, we specialise in designing and delivering innovative coastal protection strategies tailored to unique challenges. Our decades of experience, combined with sustainable solutions, ensure long-lasting results for communities and ecosystems. Contact us today to learn how we can support your coastal management needs.

Australia’s Gold Coast represents groundbreaking innovation, and Dubai coastal development is a testament to how inspiration can lead to unprecedented growth. Both cities are synonymous with ambition and creativity, but few know the story of how Dubai’s rise in coastal development may have been inspired by the pioneering work done on the Gold Coast. What began as the Gold Coast's journey towards coastal resilience , could have helped shape Dubai’s transformation into a global symbol of innovation.  Table of Contents The Gold Coast’s Coastal Resilience Journey Did Dubai Coastal Development Take Inspiration from the Gold Coast Shared Challenges, Shared Futures   The Gold Coast’s Coastal Resilience Journey  The Gold Coast’s journey from a quiet resort town in the early 1900s to a global leader in coastal innovation is a testament to resilience. In the 1960s, severe beach erosion devastated the coastline, threatening the city’s economy and identity. Restoring the beaches posed an immense financial and technical challenge. Through bold measures, including dredging and land reclamation, the city not only restored its beaches but reimagined its coastline and waterways. It became a global leader in coastal management, implementing strategies to protect its shores while fostering development.    In 1985, Angus Jackson, our founder at ICM but then Director of Beaches and Waterways at the Gold Coast City Council, introduced a revolutionary approach to coastal management through nearshore nourishment (sand placement). His philosophy of " working with nature " went beyond traditional methods, incorporating vegetated dunes, advanced sand management, and meticulous monitoring systems.  This transformation wasn't just about aesthetics it was about resilience. The strategies were designed to safeguard the city against future challenges like rising sea levels, securing its iconic coastline and economy for generations to come.  Did Dubai Coastal Development Take Inspiration from the Gold Coast  By the 1990s, Dubai, under the leadership of Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, sought to transform itself into a global hub. The two cities’ shared ethos of innovation led to a sister-city relationship in March 2001, where Mayor Gary Baildon signed a Sister City Agreement between the Gold Coast and Dubai, focusing on coastal management and waterfront development.    It was rumoured that during an aerial flight over the Gold Coast's canal systems, Sheikh Mohammed commented on the Sovereign Island development that it was great, but could be even better. Could this have helped to validate the vision for Dubai's now-iconic Palm Jumeirah and World Island coastal developments, feats so ambitious they're visible from space.  The Role of Gold Coast Expertise in Dubai's Success  Gold Coast-based companies, particularly International Coastal Management , played a valuable role in assisting with Dubai's vision. With expertise honed on the Gold Coast, ICM was involved with projects, such as the Palm and the World Islands.     These were reclaimed from the ocean, much like the Gold Coast developments were reclaimed from waterways, low lying lands and swamps. Dredging is important to both cities, and we have no doubt that both cities will continue to develop their resilience going forward into the future. - Angus Jackson, ICM   ICM's involvement extended beyond the above-mentioned iconic projects. In the early 2000s, we collaborated with Dubai Municipality to develop solutions tailored to the Gulf's unique environment, including multifunctional artificial reefs (including surf amenity) with additional research and development of artificial reef modules specifically tailored to the local conditions. These efforts highlighted the importance of adapting Gold Coast innovations to meet Dubai's specific needs.     Shared Challenges, Shared Futures  As sea levels rise and coastal cities face increasing environmental pressures, both the Gold Coast and Dubai stand as icons of what can be achieved through innovation and collaboration. Their shared history of resilience and ambition ensures they are well-equipped to adapt and thrive in the face of future challenges.    Dubai coastal development may have taken inspiration from the Gold Coast, but it supercharged the vision, creating developments that capture the world's imagination. Together, they demonstrate that bold ideas and a commitment to innovation can turn challenges into opportunities. Looking for coastal resilience specialists? Get in touch with us !

The success of the Re:Beach Design Competition is a testiment to the power of expertise, innovation, and passion. At International Coastal Management, we're incredibly proud of our team, whose diverse skills and experiences have been the driving force behind this groundbreaking design. Let's introduce the team who have made this win one to remember.   Angus Jackson: The Visionary Leader   Angus Jackson, our founder and executive engineer, is a veteran with over 45 years in coastal and waterway management. His pioneering work on the Gold Coast (as the city's coastal engineer through the 80's-90's) set the stage for his innovative leadership at ICM, propelling our approach to the Re Beach project with foresight and ingenuity. Leveraging the experience of his successful projects helped to bring confidence to our design approach for Oceanside, California. Aaron Salyer: The Surfer Engineer   Aaron Salyer, our co-director at ICM, is leading the Re:Beach project and brought more than 16 years of international coastal engineering experience. His unique perspective as a surfer, coupled with a deep-rooted connection to California, was crucial in crafting a project that resonates with the Oceanside community.   Bobbie Corbett: The Innovator in Coastal Engineering   Senior Principal Engineer Bobbie Corbett's 20-year career has been marked by innovative solutions in coastal engineering. Her award-winning work on artificial reefs brought a critical edge to the development of the Re:Beach project's unique approach. She was also awarded the Engineers Australia "Women in Coastal Geoscience & Engineering Award" for 2023. Sam King: The Nature-Based Solutions Expert  Sam King's exceptional work in nature-based solutions has made him a rising star in coastal engineering. His focus on multi-functional reefs and marine habitat restoration significantly influenced the nature-based approach of the Re:Beach design.  He was awarded the Engineers Australia "Kevin Stark Memorial Award for Excellence in Coastal & Ocean Engineering" for 2023 and will be featured in the upcoming US Army Corp. of Engineers "Engineering with Nature" book for 2024. Martin Mulcahy: The Rock Design Specialist   Martin Mulcahy, known for his expertise in rock design, has been integral in reshaping rock standards for sea level rise. As a surfer, his insights were invaluable in ensuring the Re:Beach design caters to the surfing elements, blending engineering precision with the art of wave dynamics.   Zack Lindenberg: The Practical Visionary  Zack Lindenberg's background as a surf lifesaver and coastal engineer brings a unique blend of practical and technical knowledge to the team. His experience in ocean engineering and hands-on approach were key in the technical and site-specific aspects of the project approach in consideration of public safety and beach usability.   International Coastal Management Our team's combined expertise in coastal engineering, passion for sustainable solutions, and personal connections to the ocean have been the cornerstone of the Re:Beach project. This diverse blend of skills and experiences has not only driven the project to success but also embodies our commitment to innovative and environmentally responsible coastal management.   Join us in celebrating the achievements of this talented team and stay tuned as we continue to make waves in the field of coastal engineering.

In a fascinating study conducted by a team of world-renowned researchers from Griffith University and the City of Gold Coast, Australia, the impact of Multi-purpose Artificial Reefs (MPARs) on coastal sediment transport and morphology was examined, particularly focusing on the ICM led Narrowneck Reef project, two decades post-construction. This research is crucial as it sheds light on the long-term effects of multipurpose artificial reefs , which have been designed to offer coastal protection while enhancing marine ecology and recreational activities such as surfing. The Study's Findings The research utilised a combination of high-resolution topo-bathymetric surveys and numerical modelling to investigate how the Narrowneck reef has influenced sediment transport and morphological changes around the structure. Key findings include: Sand Bypassing:  Contrary to initial expectations, the study revealed that sand can bypass the multipurpose artificial reef around its offshore end. This was not anticipated during the reef's design phase and has not been widely reported in literature on similar structures. Current Deflection and Sediment Deposition:  The presence of the Multi Purpose Artificial Reef causes longshore currents to be deflected as they pass the reef, creating a "shadow zone" on the down drift side where sand accumulates. This finding is significant as it demonstrates the reef's role in sediment storage and coastal protection, aligning with its initial design objectives. Stabilisation of Coastal Bars:  The research also found that the Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs can help stabilise coastal bars as they move onshore, with a notable downdrift offset of the inner bar due to low oblique wave incidence. This effect contributes to the stabilisation of the coastal environment around the reef. Implications and Future Directions This study highlights the multifaceted role of Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs in coastal management, offering insights into their impact on sediment transport pathways and coastal morphology. The findings suggest that MPARs can indeed fulfill their dual purpose of providing coastal protection while enhancing recreational outcomes, such as surfing conditions. However, the research also showcases the importance of long-term monitoring and data analysis to fully understand the implications of such structures on coastal environments. Future research should continue to focus on the long-term performance of multipurpose artificial reefs, exploring their impacts under varying environmental conditions and their potential role in climate change adaptation strategies for coastal communities as costal erosion solutions . The insights gained from studies like this are invaluable for policymakers, and environmental managers in designing and implementing effective coastal protection measures that harmonize with recreational and ecological objectives. The study can be found, on Research Gate . Designing and Constructing Multi-Purpose Artificial Reefs The design and deployment of artificial reefs for coastal protection is a complex process that requires careful study and consideration of various factors. The complexities of designing artificial reefs stem from the need to balance stability, hydrodynamic processes, morphological response, and the interaction with local marine ecosystems. Stability:  The stability of an artificial reef depends on the materials used (e.g., rock armouring, geotextile containers or others), the structure's shape, and the forces exerted by waves and currents. Careful engineering analysis is required by coastal engineering specialists. Hydrodynamic Processes:  Understanding the impact of an artificial reef on local wave patterns and currents is crucial. The reef's design affects wave transmission, wave breaking, and the creation of circulation patterns that can significantly influence sediment transport and deposition around the reef. Estimating wave transmission over submerged structures, considering the permeability of the structure, the crest width, and the structure's position relative to the shore is a highly curated process requiring an extensive knowledge base with the latest in numerical and physical modelling capabilities. Morphological Response:  The shoreline response to the construction of an artificial reef can vary widely, with potential outcomes including beach accretion, erosion, or no significant change. Factors influencing these outcomes, such as the reef's distance from the shore, its submergence depth, and the prevailing wave conditions can have significant impacts. Designing a reef that enhances coastal protection without causing unintended negative impacts requires a nuanced understanding of these morphodynamic processes. Environmental Considerations:  Beyond their physical and engineering aspects, artificial reefs also interact with the marine environment. They can create new habitats for marine life, alter local ecosystems, and impact marine biodiversity. The design process must consider these environmental impacts, aiming to create structures that provide coastal protection while also supporting or enhancing the local marine environment as a nature based solution. Safety and Usability: A Multi Purpose Artificial Reef will be designed to allow for user interaction which creates a significant safety factor consideration that comes into the design process. Typically there are some 'trade-offs' in efficiency versus safety that need to be balanced specifically for the site and local conditions relating to the reef crest height and width. This will impact the depth over the reef at various tides as well as rip currents around the reef during different wave conditions. In summary, the design of artificial reefs for coastal protection is a multifaceted process that demands a thorough and well-researched approach. It involves not just engineering and physical considerations but also a deep understanding of the local marine environment. This complexity showcasses the necessity of engaging multidisciplinary teams in the design and implementation phases, ensuring that the reefs not only protect the coast but also preserve or enhance the marine ecosystem. Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs: One Piece of the Solution While the study has shown that after 20 years there are significant positive impacts of the Narrowneck Reef on the local conditions (beach volume, marine habitat and surf amenity in reef vicinity), it is part of a larger coastal resilience design approach. In order to create a "healthy beach profile" and "living shoreline", both the top and bottom of the beach need to be addressed in conjunction with short and long term sand management strategies. This includes activities like nearshore nourishment (an ICM developed approach), as well as dune vegetation and management . For over 30 years International Coastal Management has been at the forefront of coastal resilience design and implementation, specifically in multi purpose artificial reef design. Through the years our highly specialised team has developed new materials, construction and monitoring methods which are considered worlds best practice. As we move forward and encounter new locations and changing climate conditions we are continually developing on successful reef projects to ensure ongoing longevity and knowledge hub development for the improvement of eco-engineered reefs as a means for coastal resilience.