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Living by the ocean offers great views and a unique lifestyle, but it also comes with challenges like coastal erosion and storm surges. For beachfront homeowners, Gold Coast seawalls aren't just a smart investment - it’s a requirement under the City of Gold Coast’s City Plan to protect your property and the surrounding coastline.  At International Coastal Management (ICM) , we make the seawalls construction process seamless. From design and certification to final construction sign-off and dune restoration, we handle every step with expertise.  Why Do You Need a Seawall?  Coastal erosion is a natural process, but it can become a significant risk during storms or high tides. Without adequate protection, your property could lose valuable land or face structural damage.  Seawalls in Australia are one line of defence for coastal erosion. On the Gold Coast, it is the responsibility of private property owners  and developers to construct and maintain a seawall (to council standards). These are designed to:  Prevent property loss and reduce damage from storms.  Comply with regulations by meeting City Plan requirements for beachfront properties.  Enhance longevity    The Gold Coast A-Line  The A-Line is the approved alignment for seawall construction along the Gold Coast beaches, established after severe erosion in the 1960s and 1970s. It ensures a consistent and connected seawall system along the coastline, protecting both public and private properties.  At ICM, we design seawalls that perfectly align with the A-Line, ensuring they meet Council requirements and integrate seamlessly into the coastal landscape.  Steps to Building a Private Seawall on the Gold Coast  Building a seawall on the Gold Coast can seem complex, but with ICM, it doesn’t have to be. We’ve simplified the Gold Coast City Council’s 11-step process into manageable actions, ensuring compliance at every stage:  1. Understand the City Plan Requirements  Before beginning, review the City Plan Coastal Erosion Hazard Overlay Code  and related guidelines and requirements . These documents outline the technical and regulatory standards for seawall construction.  ICM Support: Our team breaks down the technical jargon, ensuring you know exactly what’s required.  2. Get the Necessary Approvals  You’ll need development applications approved by both the City of Gold Coast and relevant Queensland Government departments for tidal or prescribed tidal works.  ICM Advantage: We handle the paperwork for you, from State Government approvals for tidal works to Council permits.    3. Submit the Security Deposit  The City of Gold Coast requires a minimum bond before work begins, ensuring satisfactory restoration of dunes and infrastructure, certification and approvals.  Why ICM: We'll guide you through the deposit requirements, and ensure your seawall and dune system is built to council standards so your bond can be returned promptly after project completion.    4. Design and Certification  Your seawall must be designed by a Registered Professional Engineer of Queensland (RPEQ) to meet Council standards.  Why ICM: Our RPEQ-certified engineers bring decades of experience to create designs that are durable, compliant, and environmentally integrated.  5. Pre-Construction Activities  Prepare for construction by managing temporary road/pathway closures and ensuring minimal disruption to public access.  ICM’s Full-Service Approach: We manage all pre-construction logistics, including obtaining necessary permits.  6. Construction of Seawall  Work with a qualified contractor to construct your seawall to Council standards.  ICM Expertise: We oversee construction to ensure quality and compliance every step of the way.  7. Restore the Dune and Vegetation  After construction, dunes must be reformed with clean sand, native vegetation planted, and dune fencing installed.  Our Complete Solution: We integrate dune restoration to ensure your seawall functions as part of a resilient coastal system to council standards. 8. Final Certification and Inspections  Submit certifications and inspections to the City of Gold Coast for final approval.  ICM’s Commitment: We ensure your seawall and dune system meet the highest standards.   Gold Coast Coastal Management To counteract Gold Coast erosion, there are a range of innovative and multifaceted coastal protection measures implemented. Combining coastal protection structures, artificial reefs (like the Narrowneck Artificial Reef ), beach nourishment , and stable dune systems, the region addresses erosion and ensures resilient coastlines. Additionally, sand bypassing and backpassing maintain natural sediment flows, while native vegetation stabilises dunes, providing critical storm buffers and wildlife habitats. This holistic approach balances environmental, community, and surf amenity benefits, safeguarding the coastline for future generations. FAQ: Your Seawall Questions Answered  1. How long does seawall construction take?  The timeline varies depending on the complexity of the site but typically ranges from 4 to 5 months. The design and construction of a seawall can be relatively quick (2-4 weeks), however the approval process can take up to 4 months. 2. What’s the typical cost of a seawall?  Costs vary based on site conditions, materials, and regulatory requirements. We provide a tailored quote after an initial site assessment.  3. Do I need a seawall if I already have dunes?   Dunes are an essential part of coastal resilience but may not be sufficient on their own. Terminal seawalls provide a critical defence against wave action and erosion, especially during storms.  4. Can ICM handle the entire process?  Yes! From design and approvals to construction management and dune restoration, ICM is an expert coastal engineering company that offers an end-to-end solution tailored to your property’s needs.  5. Why is dune restoration necessary after building a seawall?  Dunes stabilise the area, reduce wind erosion, and enhance the natural resilience of your property. Dune restoration helps your seawall works in harmony with the environment, and is a requirement from the Gold Coast City Council.  ICM’s Expertise in Seawall Construction  ICM provides end-to-end seawall solutions, including:  Design:  Engineering seawalls to meet Gold Coast standards.  Construction:  Managing the building process (working with local contractors) from start to finish.  Regulatory Compliance:  Navigating the approval process for you.  Dune Restoration:  Stabilising the site with sand, vegetation, and fencing plans.  Our team ensures your seawall not only protects your property but also integrates seamlessly with natural coastal processes , enhancing long-term resilience.    Ready to protect your beachfront property?   Contact ICM for tailored seawall solutions designed to safeguard your home and investment while meeting Gold Coast regulations.

Coastal environments are constantly changing. Strong tides and storms naturally change the shape of a coastline over time. But with rising sea levels and extreme weather events becoming more frequent, expert coastal engineering companies can play a vital role in protecting shorelines, infrastructure, and communities. But how do you know which coastal engineering company to trust? With so many firms offering erosion control and shoreline protection, it’s crucial to choose a specialist that understands the complexities of coastal processes, regulatory requirements, and nature-based solutions. Table of Contents What Do Coastal Engineering Companies Do? How to Choose the Right Coastal Engineering Company The Gold Coast Coastal Resilience Evolution The Future of Coastal Engineering How to Get Started with ICM What Do Coastal Engineering Companies Do? Coastal engineering is a specialised field of engineering that focuses on managing and protecting coastal zones from natural forces and human impacts . Unlike large civil engineering firms, coastal engineering companies have specialist expertise  in designing and implementing coastal solutions that work with natural processes rather than against them. International Coastal Management (ICM)  is a globally recognised leader in providing practical, cost-effective, and sustainable coastal solutions. While our head office is located on the Gold Coast, Australia, our expertise extends worldwide, delivering innovative and tailored solutions to coastal challenges. Coastal engineer services include: Seawalls & Erosion Control Structures Beach Nourishment & Sediment Management Artificial Reefs & Nature-Based Solutions Marina & Waterfront Development Coastal Resilience Planning At ICM, we’ve been delivering these solutions for over 40 years, combining engineering expertise with a deep understanding of coastal dynamics to ensure long-term success. How to Choose the Right Coastal Engineering Company Not all coastal engineering companies are created equal. When selecting a partner for your project, consider the following key factors: 1. Experience & Proven Track Record Coastal engineering is complex - real-world experience matters. Look for a company with: Decades of experience handling diverse coastal challenges A strong portfolio of successful projects in various environments International expertise to bring global best practices to local solutions ICM’s Advantage: ICM has safeguarded thousands of miles of coastline across 23+ countries, delivering 1,200+ successful projects. From erosion-prone shorelines to million-dollar waterfront developments, our expertise transforms coastal challenges into lasting, sustainable solutions that protect communities, businesses, and ecosystems. 2. Regulatory Knowledge & Compliance Coastal projects must adhere to strict environmental and regulatory guidelines. The right engineering firm will: Navigate complex approval processes for you Ensure compliance with local, state, and national regulations Provide certified designs that meet marine engineering and environmental standards (location dependant) ICM’s Advantage: We work closely with councils, governments, and private developers to streamline approvals and compliance - so your project stays on track. 3. Specialist vs. Generalist Approach Many civil engineering firms offer coastal engineering as part of a broader service, but coastal resilience requires specialised expertise. Choose a company that: Focuses exclusively on coastal engineering Understands the unique challenges of coastal processes Can design solutions tailored to site-specific conditions ICM’s Advantage: Unlike many firms, ICM is a coastal engineering specialist. We don’t just build structures - we design solutions that work in harmony with nature. 4. Innovative & Sustainable Solutions Today’s coastal projects require innovative solutions that balance protection with sustainability. The best companies will: Incorporate nature-based solutions alongside traditional engineering Use advanced digital modelling to predict long-term effectiveness Focus on ecological benefits, not just hard infrastructure ICM’s Advantage: We’ve developed coastal resilience frameworks and strategies such as the Living Speed Bumps approach, used in Australia, the UAE and soon to be in the United States. 5. Multi-Benefit Project Outcomes The most effective coastal solutions go beyond erosion control - they create economic, environmental, and community benefits. Look for a firm that: Enhances beach amenity and recreational value Supports marine biodiversity and coastal ecosystems Maximises cost-effectiveness without compromising resilience ICM’s Advantage: Our multi-functional coastal solutions have helped cities, developers, and homeowners protect their investments while improving coastal ecosystems. The Gold Coast Coastal Resilience Evolution The Gold Coast, Australia, is a prime example of how integrated coastal engineering strategies can protect shorelines while maintaining beach health. Challenge : Severe beach erosion threatened homes, infrastructure, and tourism. ICM’s Solution :  A hybrid approach  combining: Terminal seawalls buried under sand dunes to provide hidden protection Beach nourishment & sediment bypassing and backpassing to improve sand processes. Construction of artificial reefs to reduce erosion Dune vegetation planting to strengthen the shoreline Result:  A resilient, adaptable system that protects against storms while preserving beach access and ecological value. The Gold Coast: Before & After The Future of Coastal Engineering As climate change accelerates, coastal engineering must evolve. Future directions of the field may include Adaptive engineering designs: Coastal structures designed for adaptability e.g. ability to increase height or width in response to sea level rise Machine learning advancements: Incorporating AI into designs Proactive planning: Integrating nature-based elements with engineered structures, like multifunctional artificial reefs and living shorelines ICM is at the forefront of this evolution, leading pioneering pilot projects worldwide and contributing to global research initiatives. Our expertise extends to serving on high-profile panels, including the United Nations Ocean Decade Expert Panel and the Engineers Australia National Committee on Coastal and Ocean Engineering , shaping the next generation of sustainable coastal solutions. How to Get Started with ICM For private developments, councils/governments, or other design firms looking for coastal expertise, if you’re planning a project, get in touch with us . Our team can provide you with: Expert consultation to assess your site’s needs Customised engineering designs that balance protection & sustainability Implementation and project management from start to finish

ICM was engaged by a private client on Cape Cod to assess shoreline vulnerability and provide schematic-level recommendations for coastal protection. The study considered seasonal and storm-driven erosion, future sea level rise, and practical construction and maintenance constraints. Project Details Client: Private client Location: Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA Date: 2024 About This Project The Challenge The beachfront dune system and adjacent properties face ongoing erosion from seasonal conditions and extreme storms, with future risk elevated by sea level rise. The client sought options that improve protection to the dunes and vegetation, reduce routine maintenance activities and cost, and reduce coastal erosion hazards to the residential properties. The Solution ICM completed a schematic design report and provided several potential options. Recommendations were intentionally flexible and scalable, ranging from soft measures to support the dune and beach, to targeted enhancements and upgrades that improve day-to-day performance, through to regional sand management strategies where appropriate. The package included schematic layouts, order-of-magnitude costing considerations, and planning guidance to inform next steps with local approvals specialists. “We focused on clear choices that balance performance, buildability, and approvals so the client can move forward with confidence.” - Aaron Salyer, ICM Services Provided Data review and coastal processes assessment Shoreline vulnerability screening Options analysis and concept development Schematic layouts and order-of-magnitude cost considerations Planning guidance for approvals and implementation staging

The Gold Coast is one of Australia’s most dynamic and sought-after coastal regions. For developers, this presents incredible opportunities but also unique challenges. Coastal erosion and strict regulatory requirements mean that any beachfront development must review, construct and maintain a seawall to Gold Coast City Council standards.  At International Coastal Management (ICM) , we partner with developers to design and implement seawalls that meet these standards while supporting sustainable and profitable developments.  Why Developers Need Certified Seawalls  As a developer, you’re responsible for ensuring that new beachfront projects comply with the City Plan Coastal Erosion Hazard Overlay Code . This includes constructing certified terminal seawalls along the A-Line before any development begins. Understanding the advantages of seawalls is crucial, as they not only provide long-term shoreline stability but also ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. These seawalls are designed to: Prevent property loss and reduce damage from storms.  Comply with regulations by meeting City Plan requirements for beachfront properties.  Enhance longevity    Gold Coast Regulations  Seawalls on the Gold Coast must align with the A-Line, established after major storms in the 1960s and 1970s. This ensures a continuous, and connected terminal seawall system along the coast, protecting both public and private property. Alongside this, key regulations include:  Standard Seawall Design Drawings for consistent construction Coastal dune restoration and fencing requirements Environmental impact assessments for tidal and prescribed tidal works Steps to Build a Seawall for Your Gold Coast Development At ICM, we have been reviewing, designing and constructing terminal seawalls on the Gold Coast for over 40 years. Our RPEQ certified engineers will guide you through the process, ensuring your seawall is durable and compliant with all council standards. Below is a summary of the Gold Coast Requirements. 1. Review the City Plan and Guidelines  Review the City Plan Coastal Erosion Hazard Overlay Code  and related guidelines and requirements . These documents outline the standards for seawall construction.  2. Obtain Approvals Secure development permits from:  City of Gold Coast Relevant Queensland Government departments for tidal works The Gold Coast City also requires a bond before work begins, to ensure satisfactory restoration of dunes, infrastructure, certification and approvals. 3. Engage Coastal Engineering Experts  Your seawall must be designed by a Registered Professional Engineer of Queensland (RPEQ) and built to meet strict standards.  At ICM , Our RPEQ-certified engineers bring decades of experience to create designs that are durable, compliant, and environmentally integrated.    4. Construct and Certify the Seawall  Use an experienced team like ICM to ensure compliance with pre-construction requirements, construction regulations and quality standards.  5. Dune Restoration  After seawall development, dunes must be reformed with clean sand, native vegetation, and have dune protection fencing installed as required.    ICM’s Expertise for Developers  ICM is your trusted partner in seawall construction, offering:  Turnkey Solutions: From design to final certification Compliance Expertise: Navigating local and state regulatory requirements Sustainable Practices: Incorporating dune restoration and nature-based solutions Track Record: Over 1,200 successful coastal projects completed worldwide Our solutions not only meet the Gold Coast’s standards but also enhance the sustainability and market appeal of your development.  Contact us for a free quote today.

The beaches and world-class surf breaks of the Gold Coast have long been regarded as the crown jewels of Australia's coastal landscape. The Gold Coast is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the country. However, preserving this coastal charm requires more than nature's hand; rather, it necessitates creative and environmentally responsible approaches to coastal management. Artificial reefs, nearshore nourishment and bypassing systems are at the forefront of these advancements. These initiatives were spearheaded by the efforts of Angus Jackson in the early 80's (as the Gold Coast City's Coastal Engineer) and subsequently by International Coastal Management (ICM), his post-council consultancy. Source: Gold Coast City The Need for Change Historically, the Gold Coast's coastline was shaped and reshaped by the forces of nature—storms, tides, and currents. However, as the 20th century progressed and urban development surged, the natural equilibrium of these beaches began to waver. The 1960s and 70's bore witness to this delicate balance tipping, as severe swell events became more frequent, causing significant erosion and threatening both the natural beauty and the burgeoning tourism industry of the region. Traditional coastal erosion solutions , such as dredging and beach nourishment, became the immediate recourse. While these methods provided temporary relief, they were just that—ephemeral. The recurring costs, both financial and environmental, of these interventions were becoming untenable. It was in this challenging backdrop that visionaries and coastal management experts began to explore alternative, sustainable solutions. The focus shifted from merely reactive measures to proactive, long-term strategies. The idea was not just to combat erosion but to enhance the coastline's recreational and ecological value looking at more nature based solutions . This forward-thinking approach set the stage for innovations like artificial reefs—structures designed to promote sand accumulation and dissipate wave energy, thereby reducing erosion. Piloting for Success Instead of just putting solutions into place, the Gold Coast used a process of piloting and monitoring. With this proactive plan, the area became what could be called a full-scale coastal laboratory. With each project, a lot of monitoring and feedback loops were set up so that real-world results could be used to guide future projects. Because of this commitment to solutions based on facts, the Gold Coast has become known around the world as a model for smart and flexible coastal management. Milestone Projects A series of landmark projects chart the path of the Gold Coast's transformation: Narrowneck Artificial Reef Serving as both a coastal protection measure and a surfing amenity, this reef became a benchmark in artificial reef design . Continuous monitoring has shown geomorphological changes to littoral sand drift. This has caused a buildup of sand around the reef, helping to reduce erosion and offering added surf benefits on sandbanks. Notably, the reef was constructed using geotextile sand containers , which were approximately 1/3 the cost of a rock reef construction. This cost-effective approach was consistent with the pilot nature of the project. Succesful Outcomes: Demonstrated successful use of geotextile sandbags, offering cost-effective reef construction. Induced geomorphological changes, leading to sand build-up around the reef. Reduced coastal erosion and enhanced surfing conditions due to formed sandbanks. Here are some extracts from the latests scientific review of Narrowneck Reef after 20 years and the way that it interacts with the sand morphology. From the paper "Sediment pathways and morphodynamic response to a multi-purpose artificial reef -New insights" . "Twenty years after Narrowneck construction, the MPAR has shown a localised effect on the nearshore morphology that helps to maintain the beach in a similar state compared to the adjacent areas whereas it was previously more vulnerable (i.e. a hotspot). Sediment transport pathways are shown to occur both inshore and offshore of the reef, under varying hydrodynamic and morphodynamic conditions. This study has identified scenarios whereby a previously unforeseen deposition of sand downdrift of the reef occurs in the sub-tidal region." "The deposition process, associated with the presence of the MPAR, aids in coastal protection by dissipating incoming wave energy, before it reaches the shoreline and provides a temporary sediment store to feed the downdrift areas (Figure 36-8) in a process that is akin to headland sand bypassing (Short and Masselink, 1999; Klein et al, 2020) and moreover, it is closely linked to the wave height and direction (Vieira da Silva et al., 2018b). This is likely the reason why the downdift erosion expected during design phase (Turner et al, 2001) has not been observed in the data." "Twenty years after construction, the Narrowneck reef site has more sand deposited updrift and the longshore transport seems to have re-established with minimal impacts on the upper beach. The location of the reef within the active surf zone worked as planned allowing sand to bypass inshore of the reef, particularly under modal wave conditions. Although not initially expected, the results presented in this work demonstrate that the sand bypassing can also occurs offshore of the structure under certain conditions (large oblique waves). Whilst a persistent salient at the shoreline was not observed in the dataset presented here, Narrowneck reef evidently does affect the sediment transport and morphological changes in the short-term, helping to sustain the overall medium to long-term increased volume of sand while allowing sand to also bypass the reef and continue downdrift without significant negative impacts." "The short-term morphological response to the MPAR after two decades is more closely related to the deflection of longshore currents as they encounter the reef than to the dissipation of wave energy, mainly because MPARs are designed to dissipate just enough wave energy so that the wave can still be surfed." Sand Bypassing Systems (Nerang and Tweed Rivers) Recognizing the importance of maintaining navigational access and natural sand flow, sand bypassing systems were established at both the Nerang and Tweed Rivers. They've led the way in coastal management, with additional benefits observed in surf conditions at places like the Superbank and South Stradbroke Island. These systems not only ensured uninterrupted sand delivery to nourish southern beaches but also played a pivotal role in mitigating erosion. Succesful Outcomes: Pioneered sustainable coastal management, ensuring uninterrupted sand delivery. Improved navigational access and natural sand flow. Enhanced surf conditions at iconic spots like the Superbank and South Stradbroke Island. Source: Gold Coast City Palm Beach Artificial Reef (PBAR) Informed by the monitoring results from Narrowneck, PBAR was completed in September 2019. Recent Wave Peel Tracking (WPT) has shown the development of sandbank surf breaks around the reef. Ongoing surveys also indicate that the nourished sand remains retained around the reef, enhancing the coastal landscape and supporting its recreational potential. Succesful Outcomes: Used monitoring results from Narrowneck for informed design and implementation. Wave Peel Tracking (WPT) indicated the development of desirable sandbank surf breaks around the reef. Ongoing surveys showed retained nourished sand around the reef, indicating long-term effectiveness. Aerial of sand build up and interruption around reef The 2017 Gold Coast Beach Nourishment Project (GCBNP) Spanning June to September 2017, this project added over 3 million cubic meters of sand to the Gold Coast's beaches. The project utilised the novel nearshore nourishment approach to achieve high volumes. Survey results five years post-implementation indicate that a commendable 75% of the nourished sand at Palm Beach still remains within the system. This retention is believed to be due to the combination of nearshore nourishment and the Palm Beach reef, which have jointly contributed to sand retention despite facing significant storms over the past half-decade. This project was built on decades of research and development in the field of mass nourishment, led by Angus Jackson and ICM. Succesful Outcomes: Successfully added over 3 million cubic meters of sand to vulnerable beach sections. Five-year post-implementation surveys revealed 75% of nourished sand at Palm Beach still within the system. Proved the combined efficacy of nearshore nourishment and the Palm Beach reef, retaining sand even after significant storm events. Some Key Successes The accomplishments stemming from these projects are manifold: Sustained Sand Retention : Post GCBNP, a remarkable 75% of the nourished sand remained active within the beach system, underscoring the project's efficacy. Revitalized Surf Conditions : The emergence of surf-conducive sandbanks adjacent to the artificial reefs, especially the right-hander near PBAR, bolstered the region's recreational appeal. The Road Ahead The tale of the Gold Coast's artificial reefs and nearshore nourishment is one of innovation, resilience, and sustainable progress. However, as any coastal engineer or environmentalist would attest, coastlines are inherently dynamic zones. Their ever-changing nature, shaped by tides, currents, and human activities, mandates a proactive and adaptive approach to management. As we stand at the cusp of a future marked by climate change challenges, the significance of ongoing monitoring cannot be understated. The lessons learned from each project on the Gold Coast serve as stepping stones, guiding the next phase of innovations. The insights gleaned from the past become particularly vital as we grapple with the looming threats of sea-level rise and increased storm events. Predicted changes, fueled by global warming, will undeniably reshape our coastal landscapes, making the field of coastal engineering in Australia and globally even more crucial. Building upon the foundation laid by trailblazers like Angus Jackson and the entire team at International Coastal Management (ICM), the future will see coastal management strategies that are not only reactive but also anticipatory. Harnessing the symbiotic alliance of science, engineering, and the nature based solutions , we can ensure the Gold Coast's legacy endures, not just as a testament to its past glories, but as a beacon of hope and resilience in the face of future challenges. Acknowledgements An acknowledgment is due to the Gold Coast city and their dedicated team, both past and present. Their unwavering support and openness to pilot projects have been instrumental in advancing coastal management strategies. Their emphasis on rigorous monitoring and development has set a benchmark for other coastal regions to emulate. Additionally, a special mention goes out to the consultants and contractors who have seamlessly integrated into the Gold Coast coastal management team. Their expertise, commitment, and collaborative spirit have been invaluable in shaping the Gold Coast's legacy as a pioneer in sustainable coastal management.

Discovering an article from the 1989 edition of Engineers Australia detailing Angus Jackson's innovative approach to combating beach erosion on the Gold Coast was like uncovering a time capsule filled with visionary predictions for coastal management. It's fascinating to reflect on the relevance of Angus Jackson's work today, as we witness the tangible outcomes of his strategies. His predictions, once hopes for a future at risk, have materialised into significant successes. The iconic nourishment techniques, dune management, multi-purpose artificial reefs, sand bypassing and comprehensive coastal preservation efforts he envisioned have not only safeguarded the Gold Coast's beaches but also served as a model for global coastal resilience. Engineers Australia Magazine 1989 As we look back, it's clear that Jackson's foresight and dedication have left an indelible mark on the field of coastal engineering in Australia and globally, offering lessons on the power of innovation and the critical importance of harmonizing human activity with nature's dynamics. This article serves as a testament to the enduring impact of visionary thinking in addressing environmental challenges, proving that proactive and innovative solutions can create a sustainable future for communities worldwide. Northern Gold Coast How it Started In the late 70's and early 80's, the Gold Coast's sparkling beaches faced a dire threat from erosion, endangering both its environmental treasure and booming tourism sector. Angus Jackson, a coastal engineer with foresight and innovation, embarked on a journey that would not only redefine coastal management on the Gold Coast but also set a global benchmark for shoreline preservation. His strategic interventions, well-documented over the decades, reveal a legacy of success, innovation, and environmental stewardship that continues to inspire. Gold Coast beaches in the late 70's [visulalightbox.com.au] Pioneering Nearshore Nourishment Facing the erosion crisis, Jackson, then supervising engineer for special projects at the Gold Coast City Council, pioneered a nearshore nourishment (sand placement) program in 1985. His approach was revolutionary: "to work with nature." This initiative aimed to replenish the beaches naturally, complementing an existing beach nourishment program that began in 1974 after a critical study by Holland’s Delft Hydraulics Laboratory. Jackson began his works with the Gold Coast City in 1976 and would lead to the confidence in this approach was palpable. He famously stated, “Either Christmas '89 is a good beach, or I'm looking for a new job,” underscoring his commitment and belief in the project's success. Nearshore Nourishment Success The foresight and effectiveness of Jackson's strategies were not merely speculative. Over the years, the success of these initiatives has been extensively documented, showcasing not just the revitalization of the Gold Coast's beaches but also marking significant progress in coastal management practices globally. Jackson's work extended beyond sand replenishment; he was instrumental in developing vegetated dunes on top of gold coast seawalls , sand management, and monitoring procedures that stand as a testament to sustainable coastal resilience. Coastal Innovations that Resonated Globally Angus' influence expanded internationally through his company International Coastal Management , where he championed the multi-purpose artificial reef approach at Narrowneck utilising geotextile sand containers . This innovative solution for coastal stabilization, over two decades later, is celebrated for its multifaceted success in environmental, recreational, and protective dimensions. "The creation of the large nearshore shoals has modified the wave climate and given immediate protection to the foreshore," Jackson observed, highlighting the project's immediate benefits. A recent study on the sediment transport around the Narrowneck Reef highlights that it is having a positive effect on stabilising the beach around the reef, improving marine habitat and providing surf amenity in the reef vicinity. Research and Education in Coastal Resilience Jackson's work through council and International Coastal Management laid the groundwork for ongoing research and education in coastal resilience. He played a pivotal role in establishing the Griffith University Centre for Coastal Management department (now called Coastal Marine and Research Centre ), aiming to preserve the accumulated knowledge and continue the advancement of coastal adaptation techniques and lessons. This initiative has made the Gold Coast a hub for cutting-edge research and a beacon for communities worldwide striving to enhance their coastal adaptability. A Future Built on Foundations of the Past Today, the Gold Coast shines as a prime example of how vision, innovation, and commitment can transform environmental challenges into success stories. Angus Jackson's legacy is not just in the sands of the Gold Coast but in the global community of coastal management, where his strategies and teachings continue to inspire action and innovation. In a world facing the urgent challenges of climate change and rising sea levels, the work initiated by Jackson and carried forward by entities like International Coastal Management and Griffith University have proven that coastal management strategies can have a multitude of benefits while providing ongoing resilience. It underscores the importance of embracing innovative solutions and fostering knowledge-sharing communities to protect our planet's precious coastal environments for future generations. The Gold Coast, once damaged by eroding coastlines, now exemplifies the power of sustainable intervention and working with nature. Marine habitat crated on Narrowneck Multi Purpose Artificial Reef The Future of Coastal Resilience With our recent win in the RE:BEACH design competition in Oceanside, California up against world leading design consultants and teams, International Coastal Management have been awarded the chance to design and implement a coastal resilience approach based on the success of the Gold Coast. The design approach includes a multi purpose artificial reef, nearshore nourishment, sand/dune management plan and sand bypassing . This could be the new blueprint for coastal adaption methods in southern California. Angus Jackson with new company director Aaron Salyer after RE:BEACH win on Gold Coast beach The full Engineers Australia 1989 Article You can read the Engineers Australia article below. Looking for Coastal Resilience and Adaptation Specialists? With decades at the leading edge of coastal resilience design and management approaches, International Coastal Management (ICM), have a dedicated and passionate team working in the coastal resilience space. From coastal management strategies to multi purpose artificial reefs, vegetated dune systems or sand nourishment programs, our team can assist with all levels from concept designs to budgeting, implementation and monitoring.

The coastline represents a dynamic and constantly evolving boundary between land and sea, shaped by natural forces such as tides, storms, and erosion. Coastal engineering plays an essential role in managing and protecting this delicate interface, where large sandy beaches can swiftly transform into vulnerable zones during adverse weather events. This specialised field applies scientific and engineering principles to stabilise shorelines, mitigate erosion, and enhance resilience against coastal hazards. If you are looking for an experienced coastal engineering company , understanding the history and importance of this discipline can provide valuable insights into the expertise required to manage our coastlines effectively. Let's dive deep into the world of coastal engineering. Table of Contents What is Coastal Engineering? What does a Coastal Engineer do? Why is Coastal Engineering Needed? A Brief History of Coastal Engineering Coastal Engineering in the Modern Era Coastal Engineering Pilot Projects Managing the Coastline: A Journey towards Coastal Resilience The Future of Coastal Engineering Coastal Engineering Solutions What is Coastal Engineering? Coastal engineering is a specialised field within civil engineering focused on managing and protecting coastal zones from natural forces and human impacts. This discipline combines scientific analysis and engineering practices to understand and address coastal dynamics, including wave behaviour, sediment transport, erosion, and sea-level changes. Coastal engineers develop solutions that enhance shoreline stability, safeguard against flooding, and support sustainable coastal use, utilising advanced modelling and design techniques to predict the effects of both natural events and engineered interventions. What does a Coastal Engineer do? At its core, coastal engineering combines principles from geology, oceanography, civil engineering, and environmental science to develop solutions for protecting and enhancing coastal environments. Coastal engineers undertake various tasks, such as: Designing and Constructing Protective Structures: Coastal engineers design and build seawalls, revetments, breakwaters, artificial reefs, and groynes to protect against erosion and rising sea levels. These structures are essential in managing coastal erosion, and exploring the advantages and disadvantages of seawalls can provide insights into their effectiveness and limitations. Developing Multi-Purpose Coastal Strategies and Structures: Coastal engineering involves creating structures that ensure safe navigation for vessels, manage sediment transport, and enhance recreational and environmental value. For instance, artificial reefs can offer both coastal protection and recreational benefits. Exploring multi-purpose artificial reefs illustrates how these structures contribute to coastal resilience. Restoring and Replenishing Beaches: Coastal engineers work to counteract erosion by replenishing beaches and restoring coastal dunes, which serve as natural barriers against waves and storm surges. Techniques like nearshore nourishment help maintain beach stability, while coastal dunes offer a sustainable, nature-based approach to coastal resilience. Managing Coastal Habitats and Biodiversity: Coastal zones support diverse ecosystems, and coastal engineers play a role in protecting these habitats. By implementing nature-based solutions, they can balance human activity with environmental preservation. For example, nature-based solutions can enhance both biodiversity and shoreline resilience. Coastal engineers also consider habitat creation when designing coastal structures, as discussed in the power of adaptation through nature-based solutions . Addressing Societal Challenges with Sustainable Solutions: Coastal engineers often address challenges related to climate change, urbanisation, and community resilience. Their work in adapting nature-based solutions to societal needs highlights how these strategies align with long-term sustainability goals while managing coastal infrastructure. Why is Coastal Engineering Needed? Coastal engineering is essential for shaping and protecting our coastal environments, tackling the complex challenges posed by erosion, rising sea levels, and expanding human development. By blending science, technology, and environmental sustainability, coastal engineers address the myriad of challenges and opportunities presented by the dynamic interface between land and sea, driving progress towards a resilient and sustainable coastal future. Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise: As climate change accelerates sea-level rise and intensifies storm events, coastal engineering plays a crucial role in protecting vulnerable coastal areas. Coastal engineers design adaptable, resilient strategies to mitigate flooding risks, manage erosion, and stabilise shorelines. Techniques like beach erosion prevention solutions and coastal sandbypassing systems are examples of proactive measures that enhance shoreline resilience. Economic Importance: Coastal engineering is integral to the functioning of ports and harbors, which serve as essential hubs for international trade. By managing sediment transport, navigational requirements, and structural stability, coastal engineers ensure the efficient operation of these facilities, supporting global commerce and regional economic growth. Marina Development Marinas are vital to the tourism and recreational economy, providing safe harbors for boats and enhancing the appeal of coastal areas. Coastal engineers design and develop marinas to withstand coastal dynamics, manage sedimentation, and ensure safe navigation. Tourism and Recreation: Coastal tourism is a major economic driver, drawing millions to beaches each year. Coastal engineers are responsible for keeping beach communities appealing while also ensuring their visitors safety. They manage beach nourishment projects, the design of recreational facilities, the implementation of measures to preserve the natural beauty of coastal landscapes, and beach erosion prevention solutions all of which contribute to the growth of the tourism industry. Environmental Conservation: Coastal areas are home to ecosystems that are both diverse and fragile, both of which are essential to the survival of marine life. Coastal engineers are essential to the preservation of the natural environment because of the crucial role they play in the design of environmentally friendly coastal structures, the restoration of degraded habitats, and the development of sustainable management practices. In order to protect marine life and keep our oceans in good health, it is essential to strike a balance between the demands of development and the need to preserve ecological integrity. Public Safety and Risk Management: Coastal engineers devise methods of hazard prevention and early warning systems in order to save lives and protect property from natural disasters that can occur along coastlines, such as hurricanes, tsunamis, and storm surges. They improve community preparedness and reduce the negative effects of disasters by conducting risk assessments and vulnerability analyses, which provides input for land-use planning and emergency response strategies . Research and Knowledge Generation: Understanding coastal processes, developing new technologies, and improving engineering practices all require ongoing research and the generation of new knowledge in the field of coastal engineering. Coastal engineers contribute to the advancement of science by carrying out field studies, developing models, and publishing research findings . This process enriches the existing body of collective knowledge and encourages innovation within the sector. A Brief History of Coastal Engineering Coastal engineering can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where its roots were first established. Harbors and fortifications against the sea were famously developed by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, respectively. While Australia's early indigenous technologies included weirs and dams for manipulating the coastal zone for aquaculture. Coastal Engineering in the Modern Era The Dutch Influence The Dutch have been at the forefront of modern coastal engineering for centuries. This is due to the fact that a sizeable portion of the Netherlands is located at or below sea level. The development of novel coastal defences is absolutely essential to the survival of the country. Their ingenious systems of dikes, dams, and storm surge barriers, such as the world-famous Delta Works, have set global standards for the prevention of flooding and the management of water resources. In addition, the Dutch method of coastal engineering is not solely focused on preventing water from entering the land; rather, it emphasizes finding ways to coexist with water. This harmonious coexistence with water is demonstrated by ideas such as "Room for the River," which make it possible for certain areas to flood without risk, as well as by the construction of floating homes. This comprehensive and forward-thinking approach has not only helped to preserve the Dutch landscape, but it has also inspired coastal management strategies all over the world. These strategies place an emphasis on adaptability, sustainability, and a profound respect for the natural environment. The United States Army Corps of Engineers Influence As we move into to the modern era, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) becomes an increasingly important player. The USACE was established in 1802, and its initial focus was on military fortifications and navigational routes. On the other hand, as the United States grew and became more industrialised, the role of the Corps of Engineers in coastal engineering became more prominent. They were in charge of a number of projects, some of which included the construction of lighthouses, jetties, and extensive beach nourishment. Their research, innovations, and in-depth studies of coastal areas have shaped a significant portion of the best practices that are currently used in the field. The Gold Coast Influence Since the 1970's, the Gold Coast has become a living laboratory for modern coastal engineering, and a place where pioneering projects have been tested and monitored. The region's proactive approach to coastal management has led to the development and refinement of techniques that have had a significant impact on coastal engineering practices around the world. These techniques have also had an impact on the development of new techniques. The Gold Coast has established new standards for environmentally responsible beach nourishment, coastal protection structures, and habitat restoration thanks to a number of innovative projects. Lessons in resiliency, adaptability, and harmony with nature can be learned through continuous observation and study of this living coastal lab, which has yielded priceless insights into the dynamic interactions between various coastal elements. International Coastal Management is proud to be a pioneering player in the Gold Coast's history of modern coastal engineering. Initiating projects like the sand bypassing system , nearshore nourishment , artificial reefs , and developing seawalls with vegetated dunes, ICM continues to play a role in the Gold Coast's coastal management strategy. Dubai's Influence The word "innovative" has come to be synonymous with coastal engineering in Dubai, which pushes the limits of what is conceivable and achievable. The iconic projects that the emirate has undertaken in the past, such as the Palm Jumeirah and The World Islands, have brought about a revolution in coastal development and demonstrated the potential to form new landforms in marine environments. These man-made archipelagos, built with meticulously placed sand and rock, are not only marvels of engineering but also testaments to human ingenuity and ambition. The construction of these archipelagos required a great deal of planning and precision. The efforts that Dubai has put forth have prompted advancements in dredging and land reclamation technologies, which have made it possible for seascapes to be transformed into areas that are habitable, functional, and luxurious. However, these monumental projects have also sparked discussions and reflections on environmental sustainability, ecological impact, and long-term viability, prompting coastal engineers and environmentalists to seek balanced solutions that harmonize development desires with ecological prudence. International Coastal Management has been involved in a variety of Dubai's coastal projects over the last couple of decades. From the World Islands to multiple private island developments and coastal structures, with expansion of projects across the UAE and many of the Middle Eastern countries including Bahrain and Qatar. Coastal Engineering Pilot Projects Theories and designs alone can only get us so far in any field of science or engineering. Any coastal engineering project will really be put to the test when it is used in real life. Because of this, pilot projects become an essential strategy. Coastal engineers can keep an eye on results, collect data, and improve their methods by using smaller-scale experiments. The history of man-made reefs is a great example of this. In the past, man-made reefs were mostly made of concrete, old tires, or even ships that had been taken out of service. But in order to find better solutions that are better for the environment and work better, people tried using different materials. The Narrowneck Reef in Australia is a great example of this new way of doing things. The reef was made with geotextile sand containers instead of known building materials. The reef material and construction were specifically designed for the project, forcing development in the field. It was meant to protect the coast and provide a place for recreation. The Narrowneck Reef's success not only taught us a lot about how to use different kinds of materials, but it also showed how coastal protection and better recreation can go hand in hand. Furthermore, the realm of beach nourishment has seen significant advancements, thanks to pioneering work by experts like Angus Jackson . Traditional beach nourishment involved depositing sand from offshore sources directly onto eroding beaches. Jackson's innovative method, termed nearshore nourishment , shifted the deposition zone to the nearshore area. This method, developed on the Gold Coast, allows natural wave processes to distribute the sand, offering a more sustainable and effective approach to beach replenishment. Such pilot projects and their subsequent monitoring have enriched the field of coastal engineering. They've provided invaluable insights, refined methodologies, and underscored the importance of adaptability in the face of dynamic coastal challenges. Managing the Coastline: A Journey towards Coastal Resilience Taking care of the coastline is like taking care of a living thing. It takes constant work, the ability to adapt, and a deep understanding of how natural processes and human actions affect each other. When carefully planned and put into action, coastal management strategies can make coastal areas much more resilient, allowing them to thrive even as environmental problems get worse. The Gold Coast in Australia is a great example of how good coastal management can change things. Over the years, many different plans have been used to deal with problems like beach erosion, storm damage, and rising sea levels. Building groynes, coming up with new ways to nourish beaches, and creating man-made reefs like the Narrowneck Reef have all been very important in making the Gold Coast stronger and more resilient. By keeping a careful balance between environmental, recreational, and protective goals, the Gold Coast is a shining example for other coastal areas that want to make their coastlines more adaptive and long-lasting. The Future of Coastal Engineering As we venture into the heart of the 21st century, coastal engineering stands at the crossroads of innovation and adaptation. Here's a glimpse into the future: 1. Embracing Green Engineering: "Soft" solutions will be used more and more along with traditional "hard" solutions like sea walls and breakwaters. Using natural materials and ecosystems, like mangroves and oyster reefs, to make living shorelines that protect the coast and increase biodiversity is part of this. Encouraging Nature Based Solutions , like the Noosa River Oyster Reef Project is something that ICM integrate into our design approach. 2. Innovative Technology: Engineers will be able to more accurately predict how the coast will change thanks to improvements in technology, AI, and modeling tools. Drones and pictures taken by satellites will also help keep an eye on and manage coastal areas. At ICM we have been using drones (both aerial and hydrographic) over the years to improve our on-site data recording ablitites. While for desktop studies, the improvement in 'citizen science' technologies like the "Coast Snap" app are providing useful data that can feed into our designs. 3. Sustainable Urban Planning With a significant portion of the world's population living near coasts, there's an impending need for sustainable coastal urbanization. This involves creating resilient infrastructure that can withstand extreme events and sea-level rise. At ICM we always involved in adaptive and resilient coastal projects, though see the need for greater reliance as we head into the near future. 4. Collaborative Efforts As coastal challenges become increasingly global, international collaboration will be paramount. Sharing knowledge, technology, and best practices will drive global resilience. The development of "Knowledge Hubs" such as the Gold Coast's own developed by Griffith Coastal Management Department is critical. 5. Education and Advocacy: Coastal engineers will play a vital role in educating policymakers, stakeholders, and the general public about the importance of sustainable coastal management. This will ensure informed decision-making and greater community involvement. Coastal Engineering Solutions Coastal engineering, deeply rooted in its rich history, is evolving rapidly to meet the challenges of today and tomorrow. If you're in search of a coastal engineering firm that not only understands the legacy of the past but also has its eyes set on the future, International Coastal Management is your ideal partner. Join us as we shape the future of our coastlines, ensuring they remain vibrant, safe, and resilient for generations to come.

To protect beach amenity value, the prevention of coastal erosion is critical. With factors like climate change and sea level rise there's never been more need for well designed measures against coastal erosion. Seawalls are a great example of one solution. But is a seawall suitable for your site/project? This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of seawalls and how to determine suitability for you site. What is a seawall? A seawall is a manmade barrier constructed where the land meets the sea. Their main purposes are: To prevent land loss through the coastal erosion process To hold the land in position, creating a permanent/fixed border in the case of marine infrastructure, like marinas or harbours. There are many different types of seawall (both in design and material makeup), that perform differently under various exposed conditions. And there is not necessarily one ‘best’ kind of seawall, as each site has its own unique requirements and interacts with the dynamic coastal environment in their own way. In most cases, seawalls are exposed to the natural conditions and can therefore be seen. This can disrupt the aesthetic of a location. However, without the seawall, the natural conditions may be subject to serious erosional damage and land loss. This may be due to natural causes, such as high wave conditions, or man-made changes, such as disruption to the coastline/the natural sand and water flow which can create erosion ‘hotspots’ that need coastal erosion solutions . Types of Seawalls While the advantages and disadvantages of seawalls can vary depending on the design, several factors influence which type is best suited for your site. These factors include: Cost Visual aesthetic Sit location in the coastal zone Functionality and usability Impact on the site/environment These factors should be taken into consideration when choosing the right type of seawall for the site to deter from unwanted disadvantages of seawalls. The most common types of seawall include: Sloped Sewall Stepped Seawall Vertical Sewall Curved Sewall Stacked or Module Seawall There are also combinations of the above mentioned. And, each of these different types of seawalls can be made of different types of material (discussed in the following sections). Emergency or Temporary Seawalls In many coastal locations around the globe the beaches are considered government or state land. Typically, in these instances, government approvals are required before there can be any construction of seawall structures (especially if they are going to directly touch/impact the beach). In some cases, where there is a direct threat to property or infrastructure, an emergency or temporary seawall may be installed/constructed without going through the typical approval process. Note that regulations can very significantly between states and local governments, so it is always best to check on which approvals are required (as some locations implement what is called 'managed retreat' whereby you may not be able to build any kind of seawall, temporary or not). Emergency or temporary seawalls can be built quickly and are often made using material that is easy to remove if/when it is necessary. These include materials like geotextile sand containers and other emergency flood protection filling modules. Advantages and Disadvantages of Seawalls for Emergency Works Like all coastal erosion protection structures there are advantages and disadvantages, with the emergency or temporary works there are a few things to consider. Advantages: Typically, works can be performed quickly bypassing the lengthy approval process required for some other types of seawalls Generally, as the emergency or temporary works are not designed for longevity, they can be built cheaper (depending on the materials used/site conditions) that traditionally, long-term, exposed seawalls In many cases, the emergency works could be removed if necessary. Disadvantages: Quick installation of emergency works may not be the best long-term solution and therefore, the temp works may need to be removed at some point for better long term solutions Quick, cheap solutions may not have the best aesthetic to match the site Exposed Seawalls This is the most common type of seawall. These seawalls are designed to be permanently exposed to the ocean and wave environment. Seawalls interact with the coastal processes of a sandy beach in terms of onshore/offshore sand transport and local longshore sand transport when present in the active zone. Numerous papers evaluate the influence of seawalls based on their location in the active prism and the long-term beach stability – accreting, stable, nourished, or eroding [2]. Nevertheless, a popular and too simplistic idea prevails that seawalls cause coastal erosion and destroy beaches. Consequently, seawalls are often disregarded during option evaluations. An exposed seawall in the surf zone under wave attack would result in reflection and scour in front of the wall and/or accelerated erosion along the seawall, despite eroded volumes being 60 percent of what they would be without the seawall [1]. Refer to ICM’s Coastal Conference Paper on Terminal Seawalls for more info. Advantages and Disadvantages of Seawalls that are Exposed Advantages The biggest and most obvious advantage of exposed seawalls is that they mitigate wave energy from hitting the landmass Exposed seawalls can be used to reshape natural or man-made coastal areas by creating a solid edge/definitive line In most cases, seawalls are used to prevent land loss behind the wall, thereby preserving property or infrastructure Disadvantages Seawalls by design stop/reduce wave energy from passing through or over the wall. This wave energy therefore is either reflected or redistributed somewhere else. Often, part of the wave energy is reflected back to the sea which can create an erosion hotspot at the base of the seawall itself (referred to as scour). Through proper coastal engineering design, scour can be accounted for and therefore built into the seawall design to reduce the scour effect If seawalls are built out of the natural beach alignment the can act as a kind of groyne and disrupt the longshore sand transport to beaches/properties on the leeward side of the wall Exposed seawalls look man-made (as they are) and can therefore take away from the natural beauty of a site (atheistic interruption) It should be noted that proper designed seawalls by experienced coastal engineers can improve site protection and mitigate negative impacts. Get in touch today to speak with real coastal engineering experts in the field of rock wall design . Terminal Seawalls Seawalls that are situated as far inland as possible from "normal" beach changes are termed terminal seawalls. These structures are only active during severe erosion events and remain buried under normal circumstances. A terminal wall, which is often buried within the dune buffer zone, limits erosion during severe events and serves as a clear planning boundary between the active beach and permitted development. Due to the fact that these occurrences may only occur for brief periods a few times per hundred years, the potential for negative impacts on the beach is equally brief. Advantages and Disadvantages of Terminal Seawalls Advantages One of the greatest advantages of terminal seawalls over exposed seawalls is there low visual impact As the seawall only becomes exposed during an extreme event, the storm demand is sourced from almost the entire upper beach profile and not just scour at the base of the seawall. The waves are generally depth limited and of smaller magnitude, resulting in a smaller structure with lower design requirements, less toe scour, and less overtopping Disadvantages Terminal seawalls only come into effect during extreme events when the rest of the beach profile has become eroded and are therefore a ‘last line of defences’ approach Think a terminal seawall may be suitable for your site? Revetment walls Revetment walls are essentially 'small' seawalls that are designed to absorb wave energy and reduce erosion. They can be sloped, stepped, or vertical walls made from durable materials such as rock, concrete, or geotextile containers (for emergency works). By dispersing the force of water, revetments protect canals, riverbanks, and infrastructure from damage during high tides, storms and floods. ​​ ​ How they work: Retain and protect land from erosion Absorb wave energy to prevent structural damage Serve as critical infrastructure for coastal and water-front properties Materials used for seawalls As mentioned previously, there are a wide range of materials used for seawalls. Each will have their own advantages and disadvantages depending on the site. Hard engineering design often refers to materials in seawalls such as: Rock Concrete Steel Gabions (rock baskets) Wood Composite Materials There are also ‘softer’ approaches using technologies such as: Sand filled geotextile containers Self-standing sand filled modules Green solutions are considered dune vegetation or landscaping. While this would not be considered a stand-alone seawall solution, it is often incorporated into the design process to reduce the visual impact and add a more ‘natural’ look to the site on completion. How Effective are Seawalls? Seawall effectiveness comes down to design and installation execution and can vary significantly (depending on how well the design is done). Seawalls can be very effective at protecting landmass from wave impact/erosion. In most cases it is not a question of the seawalls effectiveness of protecting the immediate site, however, how the seawall interacts with the surrounding coastal environment and adjacent sites is often the area of concern. When designing and installing seawalls, careful consideration should be taken into the long-term effects of the wall on the surrounding area. In conjunction with other coastal protection measures like beach nourishment, seawalls can be very effective in maintain both stable beaches and secure property lines. Do Seawalls Stop Tsunamis? Seawalls can be designed for a wide range of impact possibilities and wave conditions. From small waves (boat wake and wash), to large wave events such as Tsunamis and significant storm surge events. Experienced coastal engineers can determine which wave conditions need to be considered when designing seawalls at a site and can accommodate this into the design process. Designing and building seawalls to stop Tsunamis would require for instance, larger/heavier rock or modules with thicker overall width and higher design crests. Do Seawalls Erode Beaches? As discussed, there is a misconception that seawalls only erode beaches. One of the disadvantages of seawalls (if not designed properly) is that they can have negative effect on the immediate beach, through wave reflection and scour. They can also have negative effects on the surrounding beaches and adjacent properties. If designed properly inconjunction with a hollistic approach to coastal protection, they can be very effective. Therefore, it is critical to engage with experienced coastal engineers when considering seawalls as a solution for your site. Are Seawalls Sustainable? Sustainability in design can consider a few different elements: The materials used The impact on the site (and surrounding sites) Sustainability relative to the materials themselves will vary greatly depending on the material source relative the proposed site. For example, quarried rock is often used is seawall design and construction. In areas with accessibility to quarried rock (assuming the quarries themselves are operated in a sustainable way, which may relate to things like volume of rock available vs. time impact on the environment, etc.) the rock may be a viable choice with relatively low transport costs associated. In areas where no quarried rock is available, there may be options to ship in rock or use locally available material such as coral rock, or sand (into containers). In summary, there is no clear-cut answer to sustainability in seawalls as each site and design will vary significantly. It should be noted that sustainability in design is something that needs to be considered for a holistic approach. Are seawalls expensive? The cost of a seawall at different sites can vary significantly. Factor effecting cost include: The design itself Some sites will require larger seawalls to protect against high power wave/storm conditions Some sites will require smaller walls The material Depending on which material type is used it will determine the constructability and associated costs, transport to site costs, etc. In all coastal erosion protection design there are few different costs to consider: Capital cost The upfront cost to design and build the structure The maintenance cost Any ongoing maintenance that may be required In general, higher capital cost require lower ongoing maintenance. Whereas lower capital cost may require more ongoing/higher maintenance costs. Are seawalls affordable to maintain? As mentioned above, the maintenance cost of seawalls will depend heavily on the type of design and material used. For example, at a remote site where no quarried rock is available, coral rock may be used which would be a lower capital cost than importing quarried rock. However, over time, the coral rock will not likely hold up in storm conditions as long as quarry rock. Therefore, the coral rock seawall may need to be maintained with additional coral rock or completely replaced. These kinds of capital vs. long term costs will need to be considered when deciding on seawall material and design. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Seawalls? In summary, there are plenty of advantages and disadvantaged of seawalls. For the most part, seawalls are a very effective way of maintaining a structural line for land and property protection. The main disadvantages of seawalls are that they can create localised erosion. This can be at the base of the seawall itself or at adjacent properties. If designed properly in conjunction with a hollisitc approrach to site resilience building, seawalls can be very effective. Looking at implementing a seawall to your property? Be sure to consult with an industry professional (experienced coastal engineer). Or if you're looking for seawall alternatives, consider a variety of coastal resilient measures like Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs in conjunction with nearshore nourishment . Contact us today for consultation to determine which seawall is right for you. Read more about artificial reefs or sand bypassing systems as a coastal erosion solution. References: [1] Barnett, M.R., "Laboratory Study of the Effects of a Vertical Seawall on Beach Profile Response," UFL/COEL-87/005, University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department, Gainesville, FL, May, 1987. [2] Dean, R. G. and Dalrymple, R. A. (2004). Coastal Processes and Engineering Applications. Cambridge University Press. pp. 404-406

Artificial reefs are an innovative solution to the growing global challenge of coastal erosion, which threatens beaches, infrastructure, and ecosystems. While traditional approaches like seawalls and groynes provide some relief, they often disrupt natural processes. Artificial reefs are man-made structures designed to work with nature to protect coastlines, support marine life, and enhance recreational opportunities. Learn how artificial reefs can prevent erosion, their design process, and the transformative benefits they bring to our coastlines. What Are Artificial Reefs & How Do They Work? Artificial reefs are engineered structures placed on the seabed to replicate the functions of natural coral reefs. Unlike traditional "hard" engineering solutions, they work with natural processes to create sustainable outcomes. The benefits of artificial reefs include: Reduce Coastal Erosion : Acting as wave breakers, artificial reefs can dissipate wave energy before it reaches the shore, minimising the risk of erosion. Create Marine Habitats : These structures provide surfaces for marine organisms to attach and grow, create a fish habitat, and build biodiversity. Support Recreation : Artificial reefs can enhance surfing, snorkelling, and diving opportunities, making them valuable for tourism and local economies. The Evolution of Multipurpose Artificial Reefs The development of Multipurpose Artificial Reefs (MPARs) was inspired by the growing need to address two critical challenges: beach erosion and the degradation of marine ecosystems. Historically, coastal protection relied heavily on hard engineering solutions such as seawalls , breakwaters, and groynes. While these structures proved effective, they often detracted from the natural beauty of the coastline and offered limited ecological benefits. Multipurpose artificial reefs emerged as a response to these shortcomings, representing a paradigm shift in coastal management. Unlike traditional approaches, these reefs were designed to work with nature , rather than against it. They served as a dual-purpose solution, offering a coastal defence system while simultaneously encouraging marine ecosystems and recreational opportunities. A Case Study: The Gold Coast Multipurpose Artificial Reef The Gold Coast, with its iconic beaches and thriving tourism sector, has long been at the forefront of Australia’s coastal management efforts. However, this region has faced significant challenges due to coastal erosion , which threatened infrastructure, recreational spaces, and natural habitats. Traditional solutions like seawalls and groynes provided temporary relief, but sometimes at the expense of the natural dynamics of the coastline and visual amenity. As the understanding of coastal processes evolved, so did the realisation that a more integrated and sustainable approach was necessary to address the multifaceted challenges of coastal erosion and community needs. The Gold Coast Northern Beaches Protection Strategy To address these challenges, the Gold Coast launched the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy in the late 1990s. This comprehensive plan aimed to address erosion while preserving the natural beauty and functionality of the coastline. A key component of the strategy was the recognition that the protection of the coastline could not rely solely on traditional methods. Instead, it required a holistic approach that included nearshore nourishment , dune vegetation enhancement, and innovative solutions like the construction of multipurpose artificial reefs. The Role of Narrowneck Artificial Reef One of the flagship projects of the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy was the Narrowneck Artificial Reef , a pioneering example of how multipurpose artificial reefs can address erosion and enhance coastal environments. The reef was designed not only to stabilise the shoreline by reducing wave energy and encouraging sediment accumulation but also to enhance marine biodiversity and provide recreational opportunities, particularly for surfing. The artificial reef construction was based on a detailed understanding of coastal processes and the need for structures that could work in harmony with the natural dynamics of the coastline. This approach recognised that effective coastal protection requires flexibility and adaptability to changing conditions and that enhancing the ecological and recreational value of the coastline can be complementary goals. Comprehensive Coastal Management The implementation of the Narrowneck Artificial Reef was part of a broader set of interventions under the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy, which also included beach nourishment and coastal dunes vegetation enhancement. These measures worked in tandem to create a "healthy beach profile" and a "living shoreline", addressing both the immediate concerns of erosion and the long-term sustainability of the coastal environment. Sand nourishment replenished the beaches, providing immediate relief from erosion, while dune vegetation played a crucial role in stabilising the newly placed sand and enhancing the ecological value of the dunes. Together with the artificial reef, these measures exemplified a new paradigm in coastal management, where the protection of the coastline is achieved through the enhancement of its natural and recreational assets. How Multipurpose Artificial Reefs Balance Coastal Protection, the Environment & Recreation Designing Multipurpose Artificial Reefs is a careful balancing act, requiring equal attention to coastal defence, marine ecosystem support, and recreational opportunities. One of the key challenges is engineering a structure that can simultaneously dissipate wave energy to protect shorelines while also creating surfable waves and supporting marine biodiversity. The Narrowneck Artificial Reef project, led by ICM, is a prime example of this. A Multifunctional Attraction To create the artificial reef itself, mega geotextile sand containers were used, which became an attraction in itself, drawing surfers to its engineered breaks (under the right conditions). Below the waves, the reef reshapes the seabed morphology, trapping sand on its downdrift side and creating a varied underwater landscape. This creates a dynamic surf condition that extends well beyond the reef itself. Enhancing Marine Biodiversity Beyond protection and recreation, multipurpose artificial reefs play a crucial role in enhancing marine biodiversity. By mimicking natural reef structures, these provide new habitats for a variety of marine species. The design process involves selecting materials and shapes that encourage the colonisation of marine flora and fauna, turning these structures into thriving underwater ecosystems. The Narrowneck Reef, for instance, has seen a rapid development of a diverse marine ecosystem, demonstrating the ecological success of this artificial reef. Environmental assessments use quantitative methods to evaluate changes in habitat area, species diversity indices, and potential for biomass accumulation on the reef structure. Observations by the National Marine Science Centre indicate that “the biological communities associated with Narrowneck Artificial Reef appear to enhance biodiversity and productivity at a local scale and may also contribute to overall regional productivity.”  Artificial Reef Design Designing artificial reefs, especially Multipurpose Artificial Reefs, is a highly specialised process that involves navigating complex hydrodynamic, geological, and environmental variables. A successful design balances coastal protection, ecological enhancement, and recreational benefits while ensuring safety for all users. Here’s a guide to the key considerations and methodologies involved in creating these innovative structures. Understanding Site-Specific Variables The foundation of artificial reef design lies in a comprehensive understanding of the site’s unique characteristics. These include: Wave Climate : Analysing wave height, period, direction, and energy flux to predict how waves will interact with the reef. Sediment Dynamics: Assessing how sand moves alongshore and cross-shore to ensure the reef enhances sediment deposition without unintended consequences. Ecological Considerations : Evaluating the existing marine habitat to ensure the reef complements local biodiversity and supports new ecosystems. Utilising advanced numerical modelling and physical models, coastal engineers can predict how the reef will interact with natural processes. These tools help refine parameters to ensure the structure’s stability, effectiveness, and safety. Defining Purpose and Functionality The primary purpose of the artificial reef dictates its design. Whether the goal is coastal protection, surf enhancement, or a combination of both, specific design parameters such as location, orientation, and dimensions must align with the desired functionality. For surf enhancement: Wave transformation models can be used to calculate the refractive effects of the reef on incoming waves, using parameters such as wave height, period, and direction. For coastal protection: Designs utilise sediment transport models to estimate the reef's impact on longshore and cross-shore sediment movement, requiring inputs like current velocities, wave energy flux, and grain size distribution of the seabed material. Selecting the Right Artificial Reef Materials Considering what are artificial reefs made of i s a critical component of the design process, influencing both the reef’s durability and its ecological impact. The materials must be able to withstand marine conditions while encouraging marine life colonisation. Thoughtful material selection ensures that the reef is both functional and environmentally responsible, promoting its long-term success as a coastal and ecological asset. Considering User Safety User safety is a critical component of artificial reef design. Detailed safety assessments are conducted to minimise risks to swimmers, surfers, and divers. Safety Factors: Safety assessments involve the calculation of wave breaking intensity, water depth above the reef, and velocity fields around the structure. Safety Design Criteria: This might include setting maximum velocities (e.g., < 0.5 m/s for swimmer safety) and minimum water depths over the reef crest during low tide to prevent injuries. Conducting Risk Assessments Risk assessments play a vital role in identifying potential hazards and planning mitigation strategies. This process involves statistical analysis of wave climate data to identify extreme conditions and simulations for estimating injury risks based on user density, activity types, and environmental conditions. Optimising Design Parameters The specific design elements of the reef, including its crest width, slope, and roughness , directly affect wave-breaking characteristics, sediment deposition, and ecological performance. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models can simulate flow over the reef, providing detailed information on turbulence intensity and shear forces. Evaluating Construction Tolerances and Physical Modelling Construction tolerances are evaluated through sensitivity analysis in physical and numerical models to understand the impact of deviations from the design profile on hydrodynamic and morphological responses. This could involve adjusting the reef height or crest level within a range (e.g., ±0.1 m) in model simulations to assess changes in wave transmission and sediment deposition patterns around the reef. Implementing Risk Management Strategies Management strategies are informed by quantitative risk assessments, including the calculation of incident rates (incidents per user-hour) and the effectiveness of mitigation measures (e.g., reduction in rip current velocity by 50% with the installation of signage or barriers). Hydraulic models predict areas of high energy or currents that could pose risks to users, guiding the placement of warning signs or designated safe zones. The role of Artificial Reefs in Coastal Resilience As we face the escalating challenges of climate change and coastal erosion, the role of multipurpose artificial reefs in coastal management strategies becomes increasingly vital. These structures offer a promising pathway towards sustainable coastal protection, providing a blueprint for future projects around the world. The continued success of them relies on innovative design, rigorous scientific research, and a commitment to preserving our planet's coastal and marine environments. FAQ Do Artificial Reefs Actually Work? Artificial reefs can be effective when designed and implemented properly. These structures are engineered to work with natural processes, providing several benefits: Coastal Protection Marine Biodiversity Recreational Opportunities Projects like the Narrowneck Reef on Australia’s Gold Coast have demonstrated over a twenty year time period that improving shoreline stabilisation while supporting marine biodiversity, and improving recreational use is possible. What Are the Problems With Artificial Reefs? While artificial reefs have significant benefits, they can present challenges if not carefully designed and managed: Poor Placement : If placed incorrectly, artificial reefs can disrupt sediment transport and coastal dynamics, potentially exacerbating erosion in nearby areas. Material Issues : Using inappropriate materials can harm marine ecosystems. For example, non-durable or non-eco-friendly materials can degrade or leach harmful substances. Safety Concerns : Strong currents, shallow areas, or improperly designed reefs can pose risks to swimmers and surfers. Long-Term Monitoring : Artificial reefs require ongoing evaluation and maintenance to ensure they continue to function as intended. To mitigate these issues, proper site analysis, material selection, and risk assessments are critical during the design and implementation phases. Are Artificial Reefs 'The' Solution? The Narrowneck Reef on the Gold Coast in Australia is an example of a successful artificial reef as part of a wider coastal management strategy. Constructed as part of the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy, this multipurpose artificial reef has enhanced biodiversity and improved sand retention at a once venerable location. In general, artificial reefs should be considered as part of a holistic, coastal strategy as not as a stand-alone solution. International Coastal Management The journey of designing multiprupose artificial reefs is a testament to human ingenuity and our ability to work in harmony with nature. At ICM we've been pioneering examples of how artificial reefs can protect our coastlines while enriching the marine ecosystem and enhancing recreational opportunities for decades. As we continue to progress in the field of coastal resilience, these artificial reefs represent not just a piece of the solution but a vision for a sustainable and harmonious future between humanity and the ocean.

Partnering with Waagner Biro , ICM delivered fast-track beach enhancement works at Al Yasat Aali Island, transforming a shallow, unusable shoreline into a protected lagoon with safe access and improved amenity. The project stabilised the coast, created an area for swimming, and a small-craft berthing for private use. Project Details Client: Waagner Biro Gulf LLC / RTA Completion Date: 2008 Location: Al Yasat Aali Island, United Arab Emirates About This Project The Challenge A private residence was constructed on an exposed, shallow coastline with limited usability and active erosion. The brief called for rapid delivery of beach stabilisation and the creation of a swimmable lagoon with small-craft access - on a remote site with barge logistics and variable nearshore rock conditions. The Solution In partnership with Waagner Biro, ICM implemented an integrated coastal works package: a series of rock groynes and breakwaters, dredging of a lagoon and access channel (including very hard rock zones), revetment walls, a marina pontoon and jet-ski berths with a timber walkway. “Our priority was to stabilise the shoreline and protect the road while creating a safe, usable lagoon - delivered efficiently on a remote site.” - Aaron Salyer, International Coastal Management Services Provided Site inspection, surveying, and coastal process review Concept and detailed design of groynes, breakwaters, revetments, and road protection Lagoon and channel dredging design and construction support Pontoon and jet-ski berth layout, installation, and ballasting supervision Construction staging, logistics planning, and quality control Handover documentation and maintenance guidance

The success of the Re:Beach Design Competition is a testiment to the power of expertise, innovation, and passion. At International Coastal Management, we're incredibly proud of our team, whose diverse skills and experiences have been the driving force behind this groundbreaking design. Let's introduce the team who have made this win one to remember.   Angus Jackson: The Visionary Leader   Angus Jackson, our founder and executive engineer, is a veteran with over 45 years in coastal and waterway management. His pioneering work on the Gold Coast (as the city's coastal engineer through the 80's-90's) set the stage for his innovative leadership at ICM, propelling our approach to the Re Beach project with foresight and ingenuity. Leveraging the experience of his successful projects helped to bring confidence to our design approach for Oceanside, California. Aaron Salyer: The Surfer Engineer   Aaron Salyer, our co-director at ICM, is leading the Re:Beach project and brought more than 16 years of international coastal engineering experience. His unique perspective as a surfer, coupled with a deep-rooted connection to California, was crucial in crafting a project that resonates with the Oceanside community.   Bobbie Corbett: The Innovator in Coastal Engineering   Senior Principal Engineer Bobbie Corbett's 20-year career has been marked by innovative solutions in coastal engineering. Her award-winning work on artificial reefs brought a critical edge to the development of the Re:Beach project's unique approach. She was also awarded the Engineers Australia "Women in Coastal Geoscience & Engineering Award" for 2023. Sam King: The Nature-Based Solutions Expert  Sam King's exceptional work in nature-based solutions has made him a rising star in coastal engineering. His focus on multi-functional reefs and marine habitat restoration significantly influenced the nature-based approach of the Re:Beach design.  He was awarded the Engineers Australia "Kevin Stark Memorial Award for Excellence in Coastal & Ocean Engineering" for 2023 and will be featured in the upcoming US Army Corp. of Engineers "Engineering with Nature" book for 2024. Martin Mulcahy: The Rock Design Specialist   Martin Mulcahy, known for his expertise in rock design, has been integral in reshaping rock standards for sea level rise. As a surfer, his insights were invaluable in ensuring the Re:Beach design caters to the surfing elements, blending engineering precision with the art of wave dynamics.   Zack Lindenberg: The Practical Visionary  Zack Lindenberg's background as a surf lifesaver and coastal engineer brings a unique blend of practical and technical knowledge to the team. His experience in ocean engineering and hands-on approach were key in the technical and site-specific aspects of the project approach in consideration of public safety and beach usability.   International Coastal Management Our team's combined expertise in coastal engineering, passion for sustainable solutions, and personal connections to the ocean have been the cornerstone of the Re:Beach project. This diverse blend of skills and experiences has not only driven the project to success but also embodies our commitment to innovative and environmentally responsible coastal management.   Join us in celebrating the achievements of this talented team and stay tuned as we continue to make waves in the field of coastal engineering.

In a fascinating study conducted by a team of world-renowned researchers from Griffith University and the City of Gold Coast, Australia, the impact of Multi-purpose Artificial Reefs (MPARs) on coastal sediment transport and morphology was examined, particularly focusing on the ICM led Narrowneck Reef project, two decades post-construction. This research is crucial as it sheds light on the long-term effects of multipurpose artificial reefs , which have been designed to offer coastal protection while enhancing marine ecology and recreational activities such as surfing. The Study's Findings The research utilised a combination of high-resolution topo-bathymetric surveys and numerical modelling to investigate how the Narrowneck reef has influenced sediment transport and morphological changes around the structure. Key findings include: Sand Bypassing:  Contrary to initial expectations, the study revealed that sand can bypass the multipurpose artificial reef around its offshore end. This was not anticipated during the reef's design phase and has not been widely reported in literature on similar structures. Current Deflection and Sediment Deposition:  The presence of the Multi Purpose Artificial Reef causes longshore currents to be deflected as they pass the reef, creating a "shadow zone" on the down drift side where sand accumulates. This finding is significant as it demonstrates the reef's role in sediment storage and coastal protection, aligning with its initial design objectives. Stabilisation of Coastal Bars:  The research also found that the Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs can help stabilise coastal bars as they move onshore, with a notable downdrift offset of the inner bar due to low oblique wave incidence. This effect contributes to the stabilisation of the coastal environment around the reef. Implications and Future Directions This study highlights the multifaceted role of Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs in coastal management, offering insights into their impact on sediment transport pathways and coastal morphology. The findings suggest that MPARs can indeed fulfill their dual purpose of providing coastal protection while enhancing recreational outcomes, such as surfing conditions. However, the research also showcases the importance of long-term monitoring and data analysis to fully understand the implications of such structures on coastal environments. Future research should continue to focus on the long-term performance of multipurpose artificial reefs, exploring their impacts under varying environmental conditions and their potential role in climate change adaptation strategies for coastal communities as costal erosion solutions . The insights gained from studies like this are invaluable for policymakers, and environmental managers in designing and implementing effective coastal protection measures that harmonize with recreational and ecological objectives. The study can be found, on Research Gate . Designing and Constructing Multi-Purpose Artificial Reefs The design and deployment of artificial reefs for coastal protection is a complex process that requires careful study and consideration of various factors. The complexities of designing artificial reefs stem from the need to balance stability, hydrodynamic processes, morphological response, and the interaction with local marine ecosystems. Stability:  The stability of an artificial reef depends on the materials used (e.g., rock armouring, geotextile containers or others), the structure's shape, and the forces exerted by waves and currents. Careful engineering analysis is required by coastal engineering specialists. Hydrodynamic Processes:  Understanding the impact of an artificial reef on local wave patterns and currents is crucial. The reef's design affects wave transmission, wave breaking, and the creation of circulation patterns that can significantly influence sediment transport and deposition around the reef. Estimating wave transmission over submerged structures, considering the permeability of the structure, the crest width, and the structure's position relative to the shore is a highly curated process requiring an extensive knowledge base with the latest in numerical and physical modelling capabilities. Morphological Response:  The shoreline response to the construction of an artificial reef can vary widely, with potential outcomes including beach accretion, erosion, or no significant change. Factors influencing these outcomes, such as the reef's distance from the shore, its submergence depth, and the prevailing wave conditions can have significant impacts. Designing a reef that enhances coastal protection without causing unintended negative impacts requires a nuanced understanding of these morphodynamic processes. Environmental Considerations:  Beyond their physical and engineering aspects, artificial reefs also interact with the marine environment. They can create new habitats for marine life, alter local ecosystems, and impact marine biodiversity. The design process must consider these environmental impacts, aiming to create structures that provide coastal protection while also supporting or enhancing the local marine environment as a nature based solution. Safety and Usability: A Multi Purpose Artificial Reef will be designed to allow for user interaction which creates a significant safety factor consideration that comes into the design process. Typically there are some 'trade-offs' in efficiency versus safety that need to be balanced specifically for the site and local conditions relating to the reef crest height and width. This will impact the depth over the reef at various tides as well as rip currents around the reef during different wave conditions. In summary, the design of artificial reefs for coastal protection is a multifaceted process that demands a thorough and well-researched approach. It involves not just engineering and physical considerations but also a deep understanding of the local marine environment. This complexity showcasses the necessity of engaging multidisciplinary teams in the design and implementation phases, ensuring that the reefs not only protect the coast but also preserve or enhance the marine ecosystem. Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs: One Piece of the Solution While the study has shown that after 20 years there are significant positive impacts of the Narrowneck Reef on the local conditions (beach volume, marine habitat and surf amenity in reef vicinity), it is part of a larger coastal resilience design approach. In order to create a "healthy beach profile" and "living shoreline", both the top and bottom of the beach need to be addressed in conjunction with short and long term sand management strategies. This includes activities like nearshore nourishment (an ICM developed approach), as well as dune vegetation and management . For over 30 years International Coastal Management has been at the forefront of coastal resilience design and implementation, specifically in multi purpose artificial reef design. Through the years our highly specialised team has developed new materials, construction and monitoring methods which are considered worlds best practice. As we move forward and encounter new locations and changing climate conditions we are continually developing on successful reef projects to ensure ongoing longevity and knowledge hub development for the improvement of eco-engineered reefs as a means for coastal resilience.