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Artificial reefs are an innovative solution to the growing global challenge of coastal erosion, which threatens beaches, infrastructure, and ecosystems. While traditional approaches like seawalls and groynes provide some relief, they often disrupt natural processes. Artificial reefs are man-made structures designed to work with nature to protect coastlines, support marine life, and enhance recreational opportunities. Learn how artificial reefs can prevent erosion, their design process, and the transformative benefits they bring to our coastlines. What Are Artificial Reefs & How Do They Work? Artificial reefs are engineered structures placed on the seabed to replicate the functions of natural coral reefs. Unlike traditional "hard" engineering solutions, they work with natural processes to create sustainable outcomes. The benefits of artificial reefs include: Reduce Coastal Erosion : Acting as wave breakers, artificial reefs can dissipate wave energy before it reaches the shore, minimising the risk of erosion. Create Marine Habitats : These structures provide surfaces for marine organisms to attach and grow, create a fish habitat, and build biodiversity. Support Recreation : Artificial reefs can enhance surfing, snorkelling, and diving opportunities, making them valuable for tourism and local economies. The Evolution of Multipurpose Artificial Reefs The development of Multipurpose Artificial Reefs (MPARs) was inspired by the growing need to address two critical challenges: beach erosion and the degradation of marine ecosystems. Historically, coastal protection relied heavily on hard engineering solutions such as seawalls , breakwaters, and groynes. While these structures proved effective, they often detracted from the natural beauty of the coastline and offered limited ecological benefits. Multipurpose artificial reefs emerged as a response to these shortcomings, representing a paradigm shift in coastal management. Unlike traditional approaches, these reefs were designed to work with nature , rather than against it. They served as a dual-purpose solution, offering a coastal defence system while simultaneously encouraging marine ecosystems and recreational opportunities. A Case Study: The Gold Coast Multipurpose Artificial Reef The Gold Coast, with its iconic beaches and thriving tourism sector, has long been at the forefront of Australia’s coastal management efforts. However, this region has faced significant challenges due to coastal erosion , which threatened infrastructure, recreational spaces, and natural habitats. Traditional solutions like seawalls and groynes provided temporary relief, but sometimes at the expense of the natural dynamics of the coastline and visual amenity. As the understanding of coastal processes evolved, so did the realisation that a more integrated and sustainable approach was necessary to address the multifaceted challenges of coastal erosion and community needs. The Gold Coast Northern Beaches Protection Strategy To address these challenges, the Gold Coast launched the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy in the late 1990s. This comprehensive plan aimed to address erosion while preserving the natural beauty and functionality of the coastline. A key component of the strategy was the recognition that the protection of the coastline could not rely solely on traditional methods. Instead, it required a holistic approach that included nearshore nourishment , dune vegetation enhancement, and innovative solutions like the construction of multipurpose artificial reefs. The Role of Narrowneck Artificial Reef One of the flagship projects of the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy was the Narrowneck Artificial Reef , a pioneering example of how multipurpose artificial reefs can address erosion and enhance coastal environments. The reef was designed not only to stabilise the shoreline by reducing wave energy and encouraging sediment accumulation but also to enhance marine biodiversity and provide recreational opportunities, particularly for surfing. The artificial reef construction was based on a detailed understanding of coastal processes and the need for structures that could work in harmony with the natural dynamics of the coastline. This approach recognised that effective coastal protection requires flexibility and adaptability to changing conditions and that enhancing the ecological and recreational value of the coastline can be complementary goals. Comprehensive Coastal Management The implementation of the Narrowneck Artificial Reef was part of a broader set of interventions under the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy, which also included beach nourishment and coastal dunes vegetation enhancement. These measures worked in tandem to create a "healthy beach profile" and a "living shoreline", addressing both the immediate concerns of erosion and the long-term sustainability of the coastal environment. Sand nourishment replenished the beaches, providing immediate relief from erosion, while dune vegetation played a crucial role in stabilising the newly placed sand and enhancing the ecological value of the dunes. Together with the artificial reef, these measures exemplified a new paradigm in coastal management, where the protection of the coastline is achieved through the enhancement of its natural and recreational assets. How Multipurpose Artificial Reefs Balance Coastal Protection, the Environment & Recreation Designing Multipurpose Artificial Reefs is a careful balancing act, requiring equal attention to coastal defence, marine ecosystem support, and recreational opportunities. One of the key challenges is engineering a structure that can simultaneously dissipate wave energy to protect shorelines while also creating surfable waves and supporting marine biodiversity. The Narrowneck Artificial Reef project, led by ICM, is a prime example of this. A Multifunctional Attraction To create the artificial reef itself, mega geotextile sand containers were used, which became an attraction in itself, drawing surfers to its engineered breaks (under the right conditions). Below the waves, the reef reshapes the seabed morphology, trapping sand on its downdrift side and creating a varied underwater landscape. This creates a dynamic surf condition that extends well beyond the reef itself. Enhancing Marine Biodiversity Beyond protection and recreation, multipurpose artificial reefs play a crucial role in enhancing marine biodiversity. By mimicking natural reef structures, these provide new habitats for a variety of marine species. The design process involves selecting materials and shapes that encourage the colonisation of marine flora and fauna, turning these structures into thriving underwater ecosystems. The Narrowneck Reef, for instance, has seen a rapid development of a diverse marine ecosystem, demonstrating the ecological success of this artificial reef. Environmental assessments use quantitative methods to evaluate changes in habitat area, species diversity indices, and potential for biomass accumulation on the reef structure. Observations by the National Marine Science Centre indicate that “the biological communities associated with Narrowneck Artificial Reef appear to enhance biodiversity and productivity at a local scale and may also contribute to overall regional productivity.”  Artificial Reef Design Designing artificial reefs, especially Multipurpose Artificial Reefs, is a highly specialised process that involves navigating complex hydrodynamic, geological, and environmental variables. A successful design balances coastal protection, ecological enhancement, and recreational benefits while ensuring safety for all users. Here’s a guide to the key considerations and methodologies involved in creating these innovative structures. Understanding Site-Specific Variables The foundation of artificial reef design lies in a comprehensive understanding of the site’s unique characteristics. These include: Wave Climate : Analysing wave height, period, direction, and energy flux to predict how waves will interact with the reef. Sediment Dynamics: Assessing how sand moves alongshore and cross-shore to ensure the reef enhances sediment deposition without unintended consequences. Ecological Considerations : Evaluating the existing marine habitat to ensure the reef complements local biodiversity and supports new ecosystems. Utilising advanced numerical modelling and physical models, coastal engineers can predict how the reef will interact with natural processes. These tools help refine parameters to ensure the structure’s stability, effectiveness, and safety. Defining Purpose and Functionality The primary purpose of the artificial reef dictates its design. Whether the goal is coastal protection, surf enhancement, or a combination of both, specific design parameters such as location, orientation, and dimensions must align with the desired functionality. For surf enhancement: Wave transformation models can be used to calculate the refractive effects of the reef on incoming waves, using parameters such as wave height, period, and direction. For coastal protection: Designs utilise sediment transport models to estimate the reef's impact on longshore and cross-shore sediment movement, requiring inputs like current velocities, wave energy flux, and grain size distribution of the seabed material. Selecting the Right Artificial Reef Materials Considering what are artificial reefs made of i s a critical component of the design process, influencing both the reef’s durability and its ecological impact. The materials must be able to withstand marine conditions while encouraging marine life colonisation. Thoughtful material selection ensures that the reef is both functional and environmentally responsible, promoting its long-term success as a coastal and ecological asset. Considering User Safety User safety is a critical component of artificial reef design. Detailed safety assessments are conducted to minimise risks to swimmers, surfers, and divers. Safety Factors: Safety assessments involve the calculation of wave breaking intensity, water depth above the reef, and velocity fields around the structure. Safety Design Criteria: This might include setting maximum velocities (e.g., < 0.5 m/s for swimmer safety) and minimum water depths over the reef crest during low tide to prevent injuries. Conducting Risk Assessments Risk assessments play a vital role in identifying potential hazards and planning mitigation strategies. This process involves statistical analysis of wave climate data to identify extreme conditions and simulations for estimating injury risks based on user density, activity types, and environmental conditions. Optimising Design Parameters The specific design elements of the reef, including its crest width, slope, and roughness , directly affect wave-breaking characteristics, sediment deposition, and ecological performance. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models can simulate flow over the reef, providing detailed information on turbulence intensity and shear forces. Evaluating Construction Tolerances and Physical Modelling Construction tolerances are evaluated through sensitivity analysis in physical and numerical models to understand the impact of deviations from the design profile on hydrodynamic and morphological responses. This could involve adjusting the reef height or crest level within a range (e.g., ±0.1 m) in model simulations to assess changes in wave transmission and sediment deposition patterns around the reef. Implementing Risk Management Strategies Management strategies are informed by quantitative risk assessments, including the calculation of incident rates (incidents per user-hour) and the effectiveness of mitigation measures (e.g., reduction in rip current velocity by 50% with the installation of signage or barriers). Hydraulic models predict areas of high energy or currents that could pose risks to users, guiding the placement of warning signs or designated safe zones. The role of Artificial Reefs in Coastal Resilience As we face the escalating challenges of climate change and coastal erosion, the role of multipurpose artificial reefs in coastal management strategies becomes increasingly vital. These structures offer a promising pathway towards sustainable coastal protection, providing a blueprint for future projects around the world. The continued success of them relies on innovative design, rigorous scientific research, and a commitment to preserving our planet's coastal and marine environments. FAQ Do Artificial Reefs Actually Work? Artificial reefs can be effective when designed and implemented properly. These structures are engineered to work with natural processes, providing several benefits: Coastal Protection Marine Biodiversity Recreational Opportunities Projects like the Narrowneck Reef on Australia’s Gold Coast have demonstrated over a twenty year time period that improving shoreline stabilisation while supporting marine biodiversity, and improving recreational use is possible. What Are the Problems With Artificial Reefs? While artificial reefs have significant benefits, they can present challenges if not carefully designed and managed: Poor Placement : If placed incorrectly, artificial reefs can disrupt sediment transport and coastal dynamics, potentially exacerbating erosion in nearby areas. Material Issues : Using inappropriate materials can harm marine ecosystems. For example, non-durable or non-eco-friendly materials can degrade or leach harmful substances. Safety Concerns : Strong currents, shallow areas, or improperly designed reefs can pose risks to swimmers and surfers. Long-Term Monitoring : Artificial reefs require ongoing evaluation and maintenance to ensure they continue to function as intended. To mitigate these issues, proper site analysis, material selection, and risk assessments are critical during the design and implementation phases. Are Artificial Reefs 'The' Solution? The Narrowneck Reef on the Gold Coast in Australia is an example of a successful artificial reef as part of a wider coastal management strategy. Constructed as part of the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy, this multipurpose artificial reef has enhanced biodiversity and improved sand retention at a once venerable location. In general, artificial reefs should be considered as part of a holistic, coastal strategy as not as a stand-alone solution. International Coastal Management The journey of designing multiprupose artificial reefs is a testament to human ingenuity and our ability to work in harmony with nature. At ICM we've been pioneering examples of how artificial reefs can protect our coastlines while enriching the marine ecosystem and enhancing recreational opportunities for decades. As we continue to progress in the field of coastal resilience, these artificial reefs represent not just a piece of the solution but a vision for a sustainable and harmonious future between humanity and the ocean.

To support the restocking of the endangered Safi fish, ICM partnered with EcoCoast to design and install eco-engineered artificial reef modules in the Al Yasat Ali Island harbour. These innovative structures provide a safe habitat and promote algae growth, creating optimal conditions for juvenile Safi survival.  Project Details  Date:  2012  Location:  Al Yasat Ali Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates  Project Partners:  EcoCoast    About This Project  The Challenge  The endangered Safi fish faced low survival rates during a restocking program due to limited natural habitat and insufficient food sources in the harbour. The project required a habitat enhancement solution that could support algae growth and protect juvenile Safi fish while maintaining harbour usability for vessels and recreational activities.  The Solution  ICM , in partnership with EcoCoast , implemented a comprehensive strategy to address these challenges:  Site Investigation: Comprehensive assessments of site characteristics, including currents, wave action, water depth, salinity, and temperature, to ensure the design met environmental and operational requirements.  Detailed Design: Creation of custom Eco-Mat modules featuring a geotextile base to promote algae growth and vertical elements to provide shelter and enhance the growth of filamentous algae as a food source. A strategic placement plan for the modules was developed to maximise effectiveness while accommodating harbour constraints.  Installation: Partnered with EcoCoast for the fabrication and supervised the installation of 52 modules, completing the deployment in just one day with the help of a skilled diving team.  Ongoing monitoring post-installation demonstrated the modules’ success in fostering algae growth and providing safe habitats for juvenile Safi fish, contributing to the species' survival and population growth.  “Our innovative reef modules have transformed the harbour into a thriving habitat, offering hope for the endangered Safi fish population.” - Aaron Salyer, International Coastal Management    Services Provided  Site Investigation  Detailed Design  Installation  Research & Development  Project Management    Get in Touch  ICM brings expertise in eco-engineering solutions for habitat restoration and marine biodiversity enhancement. Contact us to discuss how we can support your environmental and conservation goals.

Oceanside, California has faced decades of severe beach erosion, threatening its coastline and recreational areas. Responding to community advocacy, the city launched the Re:Beach Design Competition to source innovative solutions from international firms, where ICM’s Living Speed Bumps concept was selected as the winning design.  Project Details  Client:  City of Oceanside  Date:  2023-2027  Location:  Oceanside, California    About this Project:  The Challenge  Oceanside has struggled with coastal erosion for over 80 years, losing significant amounts of sand despite repeated replenishment efforts. The community, recognising the critical need for long-term solutions, advocated for the city to launch the Re:Beach Design Competition . This initiative invited international firms to propose innovative approaches that balanced sand retention with community and environmental priorities, such as preserving surf conditions, recreational spaces, and ecological health.  The Solution  ICM’s winning proposal introduced the Living Speed Bumps concept, a sustainable, nature-based approach to sand retention. This design slows natural sand movement without disrupting coastal dynamics, ensuring long-term stability and adaptability.  Key features of the project include:  Onshore Artificial Headlands: Situated at Tyson Street Park and Wisconsin Avenue, these headlands slow sand movement along the back beach, stabilising sand, encouraging dune growth, and creating accessible green spaces for community use.  Offshore Artificial Reef: Positioned between the headlands, the reef reduces wave energy, encourages nearshore sand retention, and enhances surf conditions by creating more consistent breaks.  Building on proven methodologies like the Narrowneck Reef in Australia , ICM tailored the design to meet Oceanside’s specific challenges. Community input was integral throughout the process, ensuring the project addressed local concerns, including the preservation of surfing conditions, accessible beach areas, and ecological sustainability.  “Our Living Speed Bumps design showcases how nature-based engineering can transform coastal resilience while respecting community and environmental needs. Oceanside’s initiative sets a global example for innovation in coastal resilience.” - Aaron Salyer, Director, ICM    Services Provided:  Coastal erosion analysis  Community and stakeholder engagement  Preliminary Design  Upcoming detailed design phase (2024–2026)  Future construction phase (2026–2027, TBD)    Get in Touch:  With decades of expertise in innovative coastal management solutions, ICM is a global leader in building resilient coastlines through nature-based approaches like the Living Speed Bumps. Whether addressing erosion challenges or enhancing recreational spaces, our tailored designs work with natural processes and deliver long-term results. Contact us today to discuss how we can support your coastal resilience goals.

ICM conducted a feasibility study to assess the practicality of constructing an artificial surfing reef at Middleton Beach, Albany, to enhance surf quality and frequency. The study concluded that an artificial reef is feasible and would offer significant social, environmental, and economic benefits to the local community.  Project Details  Client:  Southern Ocean Surfers (SOS) with support from Great Southern Development Commission and the City of Albany  Date:  2003-2004  Location:  Middleton Beach, Albany, Western Australia  About this Project  The Challenge:  Middleton Beach, located near Albany, lacked consistent and quality surf due to its dependence on favorable wave conditions and sandbar formations. While high-quality surf spots existed nearby, they were at least a 40-minute drive away and suited mainly to experienced surfers due to heavy ocean swells. This limited opportunities for local surfers, especially youth and beginners, and reduced the area's potential to attract surf tourism and related economic benefits.  The Solution:  ICM was commissioned to evaluate the feasibility of constructing an artificial surfing reef at Middleton Beach. Key aspects included:  Feasibility Study:  Investigating site conditions and various design options, including V-shaped artificial banks, surf banks integrated with erosion protection works, and standalone structures. Considering various construction materials such as sand-filled geotextile containers, rock, and innovative reef systems.  Cost-benefit Analysis: Considering social, environmental and economic aspects.   The study concluded that a surf reef at Middleton Beach would provide the best outcomes, balancing economic, social, and environmental benefits. In the long term, a number of reefs could be implemented progressively, and Middleton Beach promoted as a surfing precinct with a range of surf reefs exhibiting different characteristics.    “This project demonstrates how thoughtful coastal engineering can enhance recreational opportunities while addressing environmental and economic goals” - Angus Jackson, Director at International Coastal Management Services Provided:  Feasibility Study  Preliminary Design & Modelling  Economic & Environmental Assessments  Stakeholder Consultation    Get in Touch:  With over 40 years of coastal engineering expertise, ICM specialises in designing innovative solutions like surf enhancement reefs. Contact us to learn how we can help bring your coastal vision to life.

The Fairmont Ajman, a luxury 5-star resort in the UAE, faced severe coastal erosion caused by storm conditions. ICM delivered a robust, long-term coastal management solution to stabilise the beach while preserving its natural beauty and guest amenity.  Project Details  Client:  Fairmont Ajman  Date:  2015  Location:  Ajman, UAE    About This Project  The Challenge  Situated on an exposed Arabian Gulf coastline, the Fairmont Ajman faced persistent beach erosion driven by shamal storm conditions. Previous coastal protection attempts, including a low-crested rubble breakwater and beach nourishment, failed to provide adequate protection or maintain the site’s aesthetic appeal. With only 14 weeks before the resort’s grand opening, a comprehensive and resilient solution was required to create a stable beach and a safe swimming area for guests.  The client requested a guaranteed stable beach guarantee for 8 years while maintaining clear, uninterrupted views out oi the Arabian Gulf. This was achieved successfully.   The Solution  ICM developed and implemented an innovative coastal management plan designed to protect the beach from erosion while preserving uninterrupted ocean views. Key elements included:  Submerged Breakwater Reef:  A wide-crested submerged reef was designed to reduce erosion during typical storm events, maintaining the natural beach profile.  Terminal Seawall:  Constructed using sand-filled geotextile containers , this soft protection measure limited landward erosion during severe weather while minimising user impacts. Trapbags were incorporated to enable rapid deployment.  Nourished Profile:  The beach was replenished and reshaped to enhance guest amenity and provide a resilient coastal ecosystem.  With detailed and rapid planning and execution, ICM transformed the eroding shoreline into a stable and picturesque beach capable of withstanding harsh environmental conditions. The project was completed on schedule, ensuring the resort’s readiness for its grand opening and guaranteeing an eight-year stabilised beach performance. “This project highlights how innovative coastal engineering can achieve both functional resilience and aesthetic harmony. At Fairmont Ajman, we delivered a solution that not only protects the coastline but enhances its value for guests and the environment.” - Aaron Salyer, Project Lead, International Coastal Management  Services Provided  Concept Design  Numerical Modelling  Detailed Design  Construction Supervision  Monitoring  Get in Touch  ICM’s expertise in delivering innovative coastal management solutions ensures optimal outcomes for luxury waterfront developments. Contact us to learn how we can stabilise your coastline while enhancing its natural appeal.

The canal revetment at Anchorage Isle required upgrades to safeguard residential properties from erosion and structural instability. ICM designed and supervised the transformation of the revetment into a durable geotextile and rip-rap structure.  Project Details  Client:  The Isle Neighbourhood Association  Date:  2002  Location:  Anchorage Isle, Mariner’s Drive East, Tweed Heads, Australia    About This Project  The Challenge  Anchorage Isle's existing basalt boulder revetment was showing signs of wear and erosion, threatening the stability of nearby residential properties and infrastructure. Without prompt action, the degradation posed risks of further erosion, property damage, and significant repair costs.  The Solution  ICM conducted a comprehensive site inspection and condition assessment to identify the extent of the issues. A detailed rectification plan was developed, incorporating:  Geotextile & Rip-Rap Design: Replacing the existing basalt boulder structure with a modern geotextile and rip-rap system to enhance stability and longevity.  Approvals & Technical Specifications: Securing all necessary approvals and preparing technical specifications for precise construction implementation.  Construction Supervision: Overseeing the construction process to ensure quality and compliance, providing certification upon completion.  The rectified revetment now offers robust protection against erosion, safeguarding the residential estate and enhancing the canal-front aesthetic.  “Our work at Anchorage Isle demonstrates ICM’s commitment to delivering practical, long-lasting coastal protection solutions that align with community needs.” - Angus Jackson, Founder, International Coastal Management Services Provided  Site Inspection  Condition Assessment  Rectification Recommendations  Rectification Design  Approvals  Technical Specification  Contract Management  Construction Supervision and Certification    Get in Touch  ICM specialises in designing and delivering durable coastal protection solutions for residential and community waterfronts. Contact us to ensure your shoreline remains resilient and secure.

The Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy (NGCBPS) was designed to provide sustainable, long-term coastal management for the northern Gold Coast. The project successfully widened and protected beaches from erosion while enhancing surfing conditions through innovative engineering solutions. Project Details: Client: Gold Coast City Council Date: 1997-2001 Location: Northern Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia About This Project The Challenge The northern Gold Coast beaches faced significant erosion during storm conditions, threatening coastal resilience and recreational beach use. As a popular surfing destination, the area also required enhancements to improve surfing conditions without compromising environmental sustainability. The Solution The Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy (NGCBPS) was initiated by  Gold Coast City Council  to provide a sustainable long-term coastal management solution for the Northern Gold Coast.  The primary purpose of the project was to widen and protect the northern Gold Coast beaches from erosion in storm conditions. As this is a popular surfing area, the secondary objective was to improve the surfing amenity. International Coastal Management (ICM) developed and implemented an integrated and sustainable strategy to address these challenges. Key components included: Beach Nourishment : An initial placement of 1.2 million cubic meters of sand to widen the beaches. Nearshore Artificial Reef : Designed as a coastal control point, improving wave quality for surfers while stabilising sand movement. Boulder Wall Completion : Strengthening shoreline defenses against severe weather impacts. Ongoing Maintenance Nourishment : Regular sand replenishment to maintain beach width and storm protection. ICM managed all aspects of the project, including design studies, impact assessment studies, final engineering design, and implementation. Advanced construction techniques using mega sand-filled geotextile containers were used for the reef, ensuring cost-effectiveness, safety, and ecological benefits. The reef provided a substratum for diverse marine life, creating a vibrant ecosystem that exceeded expectations. Monitoring & Results The impact studies included a  cost-benefit study  undertaken by  Griffith Centre for Coastal Management (GCCM) and a comprehensive Environmental Management Plan that was developed with GCCM.  As part of the design studies, physical and numerical modeling was undertaken by Water Research Laboratory (University of NSW), Griffith Centre for Coastal Management and the University of Waikato.  Extensive monitoring has demonstrated the strategy’s success in maintaining an increased storm buffer during significant wave events (up to Hmax >13m) and enhancing surfing conditions. The reef has also become a valued recreational diving and fishing destination, adding ecological and community benefits. The mega sand filled geotextile containers used for construction of the reef have proved to be a safe and economical construction material. The monitoring has provided data to facilitate improvements to the geotextile materials and container design. The non-woven Terrafix geotextile has also provided an excellent substratum for a diverse range of marine vegetation and the extent and diversity of the marine habitat formed has greatly exceeded expectations. The development of this diverse marine ecosystem contributes to the environmental value of the reef structure as well as providing a new recreational dive and fishing location. “The North Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy demonstrates how innovative engineering and environmental integration can deliver long-term resilience and recreational value to our coastlines.” - Angus Jackson, International Coastal Management Services Provided: Coastal Management Strategy Development Beach Nourishment Design & Implementation Artificial Reef Design & Construction Impact Assessment Studies (IAS) Environmental Management Plans (EMP) Monitoring & Maintenance -> Learn more about the Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy . Get in Touch At ICM, we specialise in designing and delivering innovative coastal protection strategies tailored to unique challenges. Our decades of experience, combined with sustainable solutions, ensure long-lasting results for communities and ecosystems. Contact us today to learn how we can support your coastal management needs.

Australia’s Gold Coast represents groundbreaking innovation, and Dubai coastal development is a testament to how inspiration can lead to unprecedented growth. Both cities are synonymous with ambition and creativity, but few know the story of how Dubai’s rise in coastal development may have been inspired by the pioneering work done on the Gold Coast. What began as the Gold Coast's journey towards coastal resilience , could have helped shape Dubai’s transformation into a global symbol of innovation.  Table of Contents The Gold Coast’s Coastal Resilience Journey Did Dubai Coastal Development Take Inspiration from the Gold Coast Shared Challenges, Shared Futures   The Gold Coast’s Coastal Resilience Journey  The Gold Coast’s journey from a quiet resort town in the early 1900s to a global leader in coastal innovation is a testament to resilience. In the 1960s, severe beach erosion devastated the coastline, threatening the city’s economy and identity. Restoring the beaches posed an immense financial and technical challenge. Through bold measures, including dredging and land reclamation, the city not only restored its beaches but reimagined its coastline and waterways. It became a global leader in coastal management, implementing strategies to protect its shores while fostering development.    In 1985, Angus Jackson, our founder at ICM but then Director of Beaches and Waterways at the Gold Coast City Council, introduced a revolutionary approach to coastal management through nearshore nourishment (sand placement). His philosophy of " working with nature " went beyond traditional methods, incorporating vegetated dunes, advanced sand management, and meticulous monitoring systems.  This transformation wasn't just about aesthetics it was about resilience. The strategies were designed to safeguard the city against future challenges like rising sea levels, securing its iconic coastline and economy for generations to come.  Did Dubai Coastal Development Take Inspiration from the Gold Coast  By the 1990s, Dubai, under the leadership of Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, sought to transform itself into a global hub. The two cities’ shared ethos of innovation led to a sister-city relationship in March 2001, where Mayor Gary Baildon signed a Sister City Agreement between the Gold Coast and Dubai, focusing on coastal management and waterfront development.    It was rumoured that during an aerial flight over the Gold Coast's canal systems, Sheikh Mohammed commented on the Sovereign Island development that it was great, but could be even better. Could this have helped to validate the vision for Dubai's now-iconic Palm Jumeirah and World Island coastal developments, feats so ambitious they're visible from space.  The Role of Gold Coast Expertise in Dubai's Success  Gold Coast-based companies, particularly International Coastal Management , played a valuable role in assisting with Dubai's vision. With expertise honed on the Gold Coast, ICM was involved with projects, such as the Palm and the World Islands.     These were reclaimed from the ocean, much like the Gold Coast developments were reclaimed from waterways, low lying lands and swamps. Dredging is important to both cities, and we have no doubt that both cities will continue to develop their resilience going forward into the future. - Angus Jackson, ICM   ICM's involvement extended beyond the above-mentioned iconic projects. In the early 2000s, we collaborated with Dubai Municipality to develop solutions tailored to the Gulf's unique environment, including multifunctional artificial reefs (including surf amenity) with additional research and development of artificial reef modules specifically tailored to the local conditions. These efforts highlighted the importance of adapting Gold Coast innovations to meet Dubai's specific needs.     Shared Challenges, Shared Futures  As sea levels rise and coastal cities face increasing environmental pressures, both the Gold Coast and Dubai stand as icons of what can be achieved through innovation and collaboration. Their shared history of resilience and ambition ensures they are well-equipped to adapt and thrive in the face of future challenges.    Dubai coastal development may have taken inspiration from the Gold Coast, but it supercharged the vision, creating developments that capture the world's imagination. Together, they demonstrate that bold ideas and a commitment to innovation can turn challenges into opportunities. Looking for coastal resilience specialists? Get in touch with us !

The success of the Re:Beach Design Competition is a testiment to the power of expertise, innovation, and passion. At International Coastal Management, we're incredibly proud of our team, whose diverse skills and experiences have been the driving force behind this groundbreaking design. Let's introduce the team who have made this win one to remember.   Angus Jackson: The Visionary Leader   Angus Jackson, our founder and executive engineer, is a veteran with over 45 years in coastal and waterway management. His pioneering work on the Gold Coast (as the city's coastal engineer through the 80's-90's) set the stage for his innovative leadership at ICM, propelling our approach to the Re Beach project with foresight and ingenuity. Leveraging the experience of his successful projects helped to bring confidence to our design approach for Oceanside, California. Aaron Salyer: The Surfer Engineer   Aaron Salyer, our co-director at ICM, is leading the Re:Beach project and brought more than 16 years of international coastal engineering experience. His unique perspective as a surfer, coupled with a deep-rooted connection to California, was crucial in crafting a project that resonates with the Oceanside community.   Bobbie Corbett: The Innovator in Coastal Engineering   Senior Principal Engineer Bobbie Corbett's 20-year career has been marked by innovative solutions in coastal engineering. Her award-winning work on artificial reefs brought a critical edge to the development of the Re:Beach project's unique approach. She was also awarded the Engineers Australia "Women in Coastal Geoscience & Engineering Award" for 2023. Sam King: The Nature-Based Solutions Expert  Sam King's exceptional work in nature-based solutions has made him a rising star in coastal engineering. His focus on multi-functional reefs and marine habitat restoration significantly influenced the nature-based approach of the Re:Beach design.  He was awarded the Engineers Australia "Kevin Stark Memorial Award for Excellence in Coastal & Ocean Engineering" for 2023 and will be featured in the upcoming US Army Corp. of Engineers "Engineering with Nature" book for 2024. Martin Mulcahy: The Rock Design Specialist   Martin Mulcahy, known for his expertise in rock design, has been integral in reshaping rock standards for sea level rise. As a surfer, his insights were invaluable in ensuring the Re:Beach design caters to the surfing elements, blending engineering precision with the art of wave dynamics.   Zack Lindenberg: The Practical Visionary  Zack Lindenberg's background as a surf lifesaver and coastal engineer brings a unique blend of practical and technical knowledge to the team. His experience in ocean engineering and hands-on approach were key in the technical and site-specific aspects of the project approach in consideration of public safety and beach usability.   International Coastal Management Our team's combined expertise in coastal engineering, passion for sustainable solutions, and personal connections to the ocean have been the cornerstone of the Re:Beach project. This diverse blend of skills and experiences has not only driven the project to success but also embodies our commitment to innovative and environmentally responsible coastal management.   Join us in celebrating the achievements of this talented team and stay tuned as we continue to make waves in the field of coastal engineering.

In a fascinating study conducted by a team of world-renowned researchers from Griffith University and the City of Gold Coast, Australia, the impact of Multi-purpose Artificial Reefs (MPARs) on coastal sediment transport and morphology was examined, particularly focusing on the ICM led Narrowneck Reef project, two decades post-construction. This research is crucial as it sheds light on the long-term effects of multipurpose artificial reefs , which have been designed to offer coastal protection while enhancing marine ecology and recreational activities such as surfing. The Study's Findings The research utilised a combination of high-resolution topo-bathymetric surveys and numerical modelling to investigate how the Narrowneck reef has influenced sediment transport and morphological changes around the structure. Key findings include: Sand Bypassing:  Contrary to initial expectations, the study revealed that sand can bypass the multipurpose artificial reef around its offshore end. This was not anticipated during the reef's design phase and has not been widely reported in literature on similar structures. Current Deflection and Sediment Deposition:  The presence of the Multi Purpose Artificial Reef causes longshore currents to be deflected as they pass the reef, creating a "shadow zone" on the down drift side where sand accumulates. This finding is significant as it demonstrates the reef's role in sediment storage and coastal protection, aligning with its initial design objectives. Stabilisation of Coastal Bars:  The research also found that the Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs can help stabilise coastal bars as they move onshore, with a notable downdrift offset of the inner bar due to low oblique wave incidence. This effect contributes to the stabilisation of the coastal environment around the reef. Implications and Future Directions This study highlights the multifaceted role of Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs in coastal management, offering insights into their impact on sediment transport pathways and coastal morphology. The findings suggest that MPARs can indeed fulfill their dual purpose of providing coastal protection while enhancing recreational outcomes, such as surfing conditions. However, the research also showcases the importance of long-term monitoring and data analysis to fully understand the implications of such structures on coastal environments. Future research should continue to focus on the long-term performance of multipurpose artificial reefs, exploring their impacts under varying environmental conditions and their potential role in climate change adaptation strategies for coastal communities as costal erosion solutions . The insights gained from studies like this are invaluable for policymakers, and environmental managers in designing and implementing effective coastal protection measures that harmonize with recreational and ecological objectives. The study can be found, on Research Gate . Designing and Constructing Multi-Purpose Artificial Reefs The design and deployment of artificial reefs for coastal protection is a complex process that requires careful study and consideration of various factors. The complexities of designing artificial reefs stem from the need to balance stability, hydrodynamic processes, morphological response, and the interaction with local marine ecosystems. Stability:  The stability of an artificial reef depends on the materials used (e.g., rock armouring, geotextile containers or others), the structure's shape, and the forces exerted by waves and currents. Careful engineering analysis is required by coastal engineering specialists. Hydrodynamic Processes:  Understanding the impact of an artificial reef on local wave patterns and currents is crucial. The reef's design affects wave transmission, wave breaking, and the creation of circulation patterns that can significantly influence sediment transport and deposition around the reef. Estimating wave transmission over submerged structures, considering the permeability of the structure, the crest width, and the structure's position relative to the shore is a highly curated process requiring an extensive knowledge base with the latest in numerical and physical modelling capabilities. Morphological Response:  The shoreline response to the construction of an artificial reef can vary widely, with potential outcomes including beach accretion, erosion, or no significant change. Factors influencing these outcomes, such as the reef's distance from the shore, its submergence depth, and the prevailing wave conditions can have significant impacts. Designing a reef that enhances coastal protection without causing unintended negative impacts requires a nuanced understanding of these morphodynamic processes. Environmental Considerations:  Beyond their physical and engineering aspects, artificial reefs also interact with the marine environment. They can create new habitats for marine life, alter local ecosystems, and impact marine biodiversity. The design process must consider these environmental impacts, aiming to create structures that provide coastal protection while also supporting or enhancing the local marine environment as a nature based solution. Safety and Usability: A Multi Purpose Artificial Reef will be designed to allow for user interaction which creates a significant safety factor consideration that comes into the design process. Typically there are some 'trade-offs' in efficiency versus safety that need to be balanced specifically for the site and local conditions relating to the reef crest height and width. This will impact the depth over the reef at various tides as well as rip currents around the reef during different wave conditions. In summary, the design of artificial reefs for coastal protection is a multifaceted process that demands a thorough and well-researched approach. It involves not just engineering and physical considerations but also a deep understanding of the local marine environment. This complexity showcasses the necessity of engaging multidisciplinary teams in the design and implementation phases, ensuring that the reefs not only protect the coast but also preserve or enhance the marine ecosystem. Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs: One Piece of the Solution While the study has shown that after 20 years there are significant positive impacts of the Narrowneck Reef on the local conditions (beach volume, marine habitat and surf amenity in reef vicinity), it is part of a larger coastal resilience design approach. In order to create a "healthy beach profile" and "living shoreline", both the top and bottom of the beach need to be addressed in conjunction with short and long term sand management strategies. This includes activities like nearshore nourishment (an ICM developed approach), as well as dune vegetation and management . For over 30 years International Coastal Management has been at the forefront of coastal resilience design and implementation, specifically in multi purpose artificial reef design. Through the years our highly specialised team has developed new materials, construction and monitoring methods which are considered worlds best practice. As we move forward and encounter new locations and changing climate conditions we are continually developing on successful reef projects to ensure ongoing longevity and knowledge hub development for the improvement of eco-engineered reefs as a means for coastal resilience.

Coastal erosion is a persistent challenge for communities worldwide, driven by rising sea levels, frequent storms, and human activity along shorelines. Geotextile sand containers can offer a versatile, “soft” alternative to traditional solutions like rock groynes and seawalls , which can be costly and have their own drawbacks. They can provide a balanced approach to shoreline protection by combining durability with potenially reduced ecological impact (site dependent - read on for clarification).  In this article, we’ll explore what geotextile sand containers are, their key advantages and disadvantages, and when they are an ideal choice for coastal resilience. You will learn how they can offer effective erosion control when designed and implemented with expertise.  What Are Geotextile Sand Containers?   Geotextile sand containers, also known as geotextile sand bags or geosynthetic sand containers, are durable 'bags/blocks' or 'tubes' made from high-strength geotextile fabric and filled with sand or other local materials. Unlike rigid materials such as rock or concrete, these containers adapt naturally to the coastal environment and can be installed in a variety of configurations, such as groynes, seawalls , breakwaters and even artificial reefs .   "These sand-filled geotextile containers aren’t just soft rock; they’re flexible, adaptable, and designed to work with nature, not against it." - Angus Jackson, ICM When Are Geotextile Sand Containers a Good Solution?  Geotextile sand containers are highly adaptable and can be used in a range of coastal protection projects. They are especially suitable when the project requires flexibility, low impact, or involves challenging logistics. Here are some ideal scenarios for considering them:  Low-Crested and Recreational Sites:  Geotextile sand containers are a good choice for low-crested structures in areas with high recreational use. Their sand-filled composition provides a “soft,” hydraulically smooth structure, making them safer for beachgoers.  Temporary, Flexible, or Staged Designs: When quick installation is essential, such as in temporary or phased projects, geotextile sand containers allow for modular and flexible design. The containers can be quickly filled and installed, and their modular nature means they can be constructed in stages or modified if conditions change.  Sites with Limited Access to Rock or Large Equipment: In remote or environmentally sensitive locations, where importing large amounts of rock or concrete would be challenging, geotextile sand containers offer an effective alternative. They can be filled with sand sourced locally, minimising transport impact and the need for heavy machinery.  Environmentally Friendly Projects: Geotextile sand containers can have lower carbon footprint than other materials (including rock - considering material transport to site) and also have the capacity to support marine life. Over time, they often become colonised by marine flora, helping create habitats and blend into the natural landscape. Their soft exterior attracts 'softer' flora such as algaes, kelps and soft corals in certain scenarios.   Low-Impact and Adaptable Infrastructure Needs: Use is ideal where resistance to natural forces is needed without major impact loads. They are resilient to wave action, yet their modular design allows for removal, modification, or coverage with rock if required. This flexibility also makes them easy to inspect, repair, and replace.  Important Considerations for Effective Deployment  Geotextile sand container use should be carefully tailored to the specific coastal conditions of the site. Variables such as wave climate, nearshore slope, tides, sediment transport rates, and geotechnical factors all influence the optimal design and placement of these structures. Using advanced design tools and models,  coastal engineers  are essential for ensuring that these factors are thoroughly evaluated. With the right expertise, this coastal erosion solution  can provide stable, long-lasting protection with minimal impact on surrounding ecosystems.    “Geosynthetic applications in coastal structures need specialised design, maintenance, and monitoring to meet durability expectations, especially in light of climate change pressures and potential scarcity of natural rock resources.” - Angus Jackson, ICM  Advantages of Geotextile Sand Containers Cost-Effective and Accessible : Depending on the site, compared to traditional rock or concrete barriers, geotextile sand containers can be more economical. They can be filled on-site, reducing transportation costs, and are particularly suitable for locations where access to heavy materials like rock may be limited.  Flexible and “Soft” Infrastructure : Because of their sand filling, geotextile sand containers provide a soft surface, which is safer for recreational beaches where people engage in water sports.  Environmentally Compatible : The geotextile fabric used in these containers can allow the growth of marine life, making them compatible with natural habitats. Over time, they can build biodiversity, providing surfaces for marine organisms to grow and supporting local ecosystems.  Ideal for Emergency and Temporary Use : In urgent situations where erosion control is needed immediately, these sand containers can be quickly filled and placed, or used as temporary structures while more permanent solutions are developed.  Disadvantages of Geotextile Sand Containers  While they offer many advantages, there are also some limitations:  Durability Concerns : Although they are engineered for strength, they may degrade over time, especially in high-energy wave environments. Prolonged UV exposure and sharp debris can also reduce their lifespan.  Potential for Displacement : In areas with extreme weather or powerful waves, they may become displaced or damaged without proper design or installation and maintenance, reducing their effectiveness.  Maintenance Requirements : Regular inspection and upkeep are essential to ensure they perform well over time. Without adequate maintenance, they may be subject to things like vandalism or shift and lose their protective function.  Quality Variations : Not all geotextile materials are created equal. Inferior geotextile fabric can lead to quicker degradation or failure, which is why it’s essential to use high-quality geotextile bags/containers from reputable companies.  At ICM, we have decades of experience in identifying and sourcing high quality geotextile companies. Our team ensures that clients receive top-quality materials for maximum durability and performance. Additionally, our coastal engineers carefully assess project sites to determine the best installation methods and configurations, enhancing the lifespan and effectiveness of each GSC structure.  Importance of Working with Coastal Engineers  Using geotextile sand containers for coastal protection requires a thorough understanding of coastal dynamics. Experienced coastal engineers are essential for analysing factors like wave energy, sediment movement, and environmental impacts, ensuring that the design and installation of these structures provide effective beach erosion protection.  Our experienced engineers at ICM guide each phase of the project:  Site Analysis : Conducting wave, sediment, and environmental assessments.  Customised Design : Tailoring the size, shape, and layout of geotextile sand container structures based on site-specific needs.  Expert Installation : Selecting the best installation method to maximise resilience, whether through above-water filling, shallow-water filling with divers, or using a split-hull barge for deep-water installations.  Ongoing Monitoring : Our team can preapre a monitiring and mainteance plan or perform routine innspctions (site dependent).  ICM’s coastal engineering team is dedicated to delivering GSC solutions that not only meet but exceed industry standards for quality and durability.  Real-World Applications and Success Stories  ICM have used geotextile sand containers in projects globally over the past 40 years. Here are some key projects: Maroochydore Groynes, QLD  In Maroochydore, Queensland, geotextile sand bags were used to create groynes that successfully stabilised the shoreline. Built with 2.5 cubic meter bags, these groynes were engineered for coastal protection while providing recreational benefits. ICM developed the design of the structures and also the containers and filling methods in conjunction with Geofrabrics to make them manageable with one excavator. After 20 years the structure was upgraded by a local contractor as the community opted to keep the groynes as sand filled geotextiles containers and not switch to rock for their user-friendliness.   “We don’t always need traditional hard structures. Sometimes a softer, more flexible approach is exactly what’s needed.”  Narrowneck Artificial Reef, QLD  The Narrowneck project on the Gold Coast used geotextile mega containers to construct a large scale multipurpose artificial reef. ICM developed the reef design and the filling and placement methods to achieve the most cost-effective volume of artificial reef creation to date. This reef not only assists in protecting the coastline but also enhances recreational amenities with improving surf conditions and diving opportunities. By combining erosion control with a boost to local tourism, this project demonstrates the multifunctionality of geotextile sand containers.  "We designed it as a coastal defense, but it quickly became a fishing and diving hotspot. People and nature both adapted to it, making it more than just a breakwater." - Angus Jackson, ICM Munna Point, Noosa River, QLD  Munna Point, a recreational beach on the Noosa River, faced severe erosion, leading to costly, frequent nourishment efforts. To restore the beach, ICM implemented a groyne field with low-crested geotextile sand containers and targeted nourishment. The first three groynes were installed using an innovative in-situ filling method with a dredge. Monitoring over 12 months showed a stable intertidal profile, and the beach now serves as a well-used community amenity.   Another first of its kind approach to placing sand filled geocontainers, these methods have since been used on multiple projects around the globe.   Private Island, Abu Dhabi:   ICM completed a structure in Abu Dhabi for a private island, developing 'soft' breakwaters out of geotextile sand containers. They quickly became popular recreational facilities for the beachgoers, and providing coastal protection, and helped to preserve the marine habitat (by having a much smaller footprint than the alternative proposed rock breakwater). Geotextile sand containers are favoured on remote islands for their minimal environmental impact (compared to high carbon footprints of importing rock) and adaptability to unique coastal conditions.  "We found that geotextiles often provide a much smaller footprint and create a habitat for marine life, something that’s hard to achieve with traditional rock structures." - Angus Jackson, ICM Frequently Asked Questions  What is the longevity of geotextile sand containers in harsh environments?  With the right design and regular maintenance, it's suggested that they can achieve a 30-year design life for structures (this depends on the material supplier and use of the containers, exposure, etc.). When it comes to repairs, geotextiles are easy to modify and manage. How do geotextile sand containers compare to rock groynes and seawalls?  While traditional structures made with rock and concrete modules are effective for erosion control, they can come with high costs and environmental drawbacks for remote areas. The best material for site depends on a multitude of factors and all options should be considered by a coastal engineer to achieve the best possible outcomes.     How do geotextile sand containers protect against tidal flow?  When well-designed and correctly filled they can offer excellent durability and strength in tidal conditions.   How can we prevent pollution at the end of a geotextile sand containers life?  Removal plans are often part of the design to minimise environmental impact.   How do I know if geotextile containers will work for my project/site?  By reviewing the conditions on site and working with you to achieve the expected outcomes, a coastal engineer can review several options which may include geotextile conatiners. They can also review which supplier(s) might be best suited to your project needs (as not all geotextiles are created equal and some are designed specifically for certain coastal applications). Will geotextile containers last on my project?  Sand filled geotextile conatiners are not a silver bullet for all coastal projects. Yes, they can be ideal for some projects, but then not recommended for other projects. It really depends on the site conditions and the expected outcomes however, for most coastal projects sand filled geotextile containers should at least be considered in an options analysis.   Do you want to use geotextile sand containers for your coastal project?  They can offer a great ‘soft’ solution for coastal erosion control, combining cost-effectiveness with environmental benefits and versatility. These structures allow coastal communities to protect shorelines while creating safer, more accessible beach environments.  At International Coastal Management (ICM), we have over 40 years of experience in designing and implementing these structures tailored to unique coastal needs. From emergency erosion solutions to permanent beach stabilisation, our expertise ensures you’ll have a customised approach that maximises resilience.  Contact us today to see whether geotextile sand containers would be a good fit for your coastal protection project.

Erosion at Munna Point caused loss of beaches and prompted the need for a sustainable solution. ICM designed and delivered a low-impact groyne system, complemented by dredging and nourishment, to stabilise the shoreline and restore recreational beach access. Project Details  Client:  Noosa Shire Council  Date:  2014-2018  Location:  Noosaville, Queensland, Australia  About This Project  The Challenge  Munna Point experienced ongoing erosion, leading to the complete loss of beaches in some areas. Regular nourishment programs provided limited results and were eventually discontinued. The location, including the adjacent Noosa River Holiday Park (a Queensland Heritage site), required a solution that addressed aesthetic concerns, minimised environmental impacts, and preserved public access while ensuring long-term stability.  The Solution  ICM developed a tailored design comprising of seven low-crested groynes and a dredging and nourishment program to reinstate the foreshore beach. Key features of the solution included:  Resilient Design: Conservative spacing of groynes to ensure stability and minimise future maintenance.  Custom Geotextile Materials: Sand-filled geotextile mattress was used to mitigate risks of deepening at the groyne heads, ensuring long-term durability. User-Friendly Design: Soft, sandy-colored geotextile containers maintained aesthetic harmony and ensured the groynes were safe and accessible for public use.  The works were executed in two stages, with a comprehensive monitoring program to evaluate performance. Approvals from local council and state agencies were secured for each stage, including a formal monitoring program to track outcomes and minimise risks.  “This project showcases how thoughtful design can balance shoreline stabilisation, environmental sustainability, and community needs. We’re proud to have delivered a solution that preserves Munna Point’s natural beauty and utility for years to come.” - International Coastal Management  Services Provided  Concept Design  Detailed Design  Approvals Management  Contract Superintendent Services  Certification  Monitoring    Get in Touch  With decades of experience delivering tailored coastal protection solutions , International Coastal Management specialises in groyne systems, beach nourishment, and innovative designs that respect community values and environmental integrity. Contact us today to discuss your upcoming project.